Jafar Panahi

Jafar Panâhi (, ; born 11 July 1960) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, and film editor, commonly associated with the Iranian New Wave film movement.

At age 20 Panahi was conscripted into the Iranian army and served in the Iran–Iraq War, working as an army cinematographer from 1980 to 1982.

In 1981 he was captured by Kurdish rebels and held for 76 days.

From his war experiences he made a documentary that was eventually shown on TV.

After completing his military service, Panahi enrolled at the College of Cinema and TV in Tehran, where he studied filmmaking and especially appreciated the works of Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, Luis Buñuel, and Jean-Luc Godard.

At school he first met and befriended filmmaker Parviz Shahbazi and cinematographer Farzad Jodat, who shot all of Panahi's early work.

During college he interned at the Bandar Abbas Center on the Persian Gulf Coast, where he made his first short documentary films.

He also began working as an assistant director on his professor's films before graduating in 1988.

Panahi made several short documentary films for Iranian television through the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting's Channel 2.

His first short film, The Wounded Heads (Yarali Bashlar), was a documentary about the illegal mourning tradition of head slashing in the Azerbaijan region of northern Iran.

The film documents a mourning ceremony for the third Shi'ite Imam, Imam Hossein, in which people hit their heads with knives until they bled.

Panahi had to shoot in secret and the film was banned for several years.

In 1988 Panahi filmed The Second Look (Negah-e Dovvom), a behind-the-scenes documentary short on the making of Kambuzia Partovi's film Golnar.

It focuses on the puppet maker for Partovi's film and his relationship with his puppets.

In 1990 he worked as an assistant director on Partovi's film The Fish (1991).

In 1992 Panahi made his first narrative short film, The Friend (Doust), an homage to Kiarostami's first short film, The Bread and Alley.

That same year Panahi made his second narrative short, The Final Exam (Akharin Emtehan).

Both films starred non-professional actors Ali Azizollahi and Mehdi Shahabi and won awards for Best Film, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing at Iran's National TV Festival that year.

It was not released until 1993.

After several years of making short films and working as an assistant director for fellow Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami, Panahi achieved international recognition with his feature film debut, The White Balloon (1995).

The film won the Caméra d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival, the first major award an Iranian film won at Cannes.

Panahi was quickly recognized as one of Iran's most influential filmmakers.

His films were often banned in Iran, but he continued to receive international acclaim from film theorists and critics and won numerous awards, including the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival for The Mirror (1997), the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Circle (2000), and the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for Offside (2006).

His films are known for their humanistic perspective on life in Iran, often focusing on the hardships of children, the impoverished, and women.

Hamid Dabashi has written, "Panahi does not do as he is told—in fact he has made a successful career in not doing as he is told."

After several years of conflict with the Iranian government over the content of his films (including several short-term arrests), Panahi was arrested in March 2010 along with his wife, daughter, and 15 friends, and later charged with propaganda against the Iranian government.

Despite support from filmmakers, film organizations, and human rights organizations around the world, in December 2010 Panahi was sentenced to six years in prison and a 20-year ban on directing any movies, writing screenplays, giving interviews with Iranian or foreign media, or leaving the country except for medical treatment or making the Hajj pilgrimage.

While awaiting the result of an appeal he made This Is Not a Film (2011), a documentary feature in the form of a video diary.

It was smuggled out of Iran on a flash drive hidden inside a cake and shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

In February 2013 the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival showed Closed Curtain (Pardé) by Panahi and Kambuzia Partovi in competition; Panahi won the Silver Bear for Best Script.

Panahi's subsequent film Taxi also premiered in competition at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015 and won the Golden Bear, the prize awarded for the best film in the festival.

In 2018 he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay (tied) for 3 Faces; he was unable to leave Iran to attend the festival, so his daughter, Solmaz Panahi, read his statement and received the award on his behalf.

Panahi was born in Mianeh, Iran to an Iranian Azerbaijani family.

He has described his family as working class and grew up with four sisters and two brothers.

His father worked as a house painter.

His family spoke Azerbaijani at home, but Persian with other Iranians.

When he was ten years old he wrote on 8 mm film camera.

He also acted in one film and assisted Kanoon's library director in running a program that taught children how to operate a film camera.

Starting at age 12, Panahi worked after school in order to afford to go see films.

His impoverished childhood helped form the humanistic worldview of his films.