Grace Ibingira

Grace Stuart Katebariirwe Ibingira (23 May 1932 – December 1995) was a Ugandan lawyer and politician.

Grace Ibingira was born on 23 May 1932 in Ibanda County, Ankole District, Uganda Protectorate.

His father, Alfred Katebarirwe, was a Gombolola chief.

From 1942 until 1950 he attended Mbarara High School.

The following year he enrolled in King's College Budo.

He graduated in 1953 with a grade one Cambridge School Certificate.

Subsequently taking up the study of law, he graduated in 1958 magna cum laude from the University College Wales, Aberystwyth.

Ibingira finished his studies in 1959 with a year of postgraduate work at the University of London.

He was then called to the bar by Middle Temple, being listed as a barrister of the Supreme Court of England.

That same year he went to Kampala to serve as an advocate for the Uganda High Court.

In 1960, Ibingira cofounded the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) political party with Milton Obote and Abu Mayanja.

Obote became the leader of the party while Ibingira became its legal adviser.

His political support derived from four areas: the UPC political machine based in Ankole, southern municipal and district politicians who felt threatened by Obote's populist appeal, conservative intellectuals who found Obote's image drab and unimpressive, and Edward Mutesa, the Kabaka (king) of Buganda.

Ibingira was elected to the Uganda Legislative Council in 1960 by the Ankole Eishengyero (district council).

The Democratic Party (DP) won a majority in Uganda's first free national elections in 1961, and formed a government.

The UPC members and traditionalist Baganda disliked the Catholic orientation of the DP, but were diametrically opposed to each others' ideals.

Despite this, Ibingira was given the responsibility of making contact with the Baganda to establish an alliance.

The UPC chose him for the role because he was personally acquainted with Mutesa.

After several negotiations, the UPC and Baganda leaders held a conference whereupon an agreement was reached.

Soon afterwards the Baganda created the Kabaka Yekka (KY), a traditionalist party that entered an alliance with the UPC.

Following the UPC's victory in the April 1962 general elections, Obote was tasked with forming a government.

He chose Ibingira to serve as Minister of Justice.

Ibingira also played an influential role in determining the look of the Flag of Uganda, chairing a committee charged with drafting a design and suggesting that the standard be modeled off of the West German Flag.

Uganda became independent on 9 October 1962.

Ibingira felt that Obote was not educated enough to serve as Prime Minister of Uganda and believed that he had been given the position solely because of his anti-colonial rhetoric.

In 1964 Ibingira initiated a struggle to gain control of the UPC with the ultimate goal of deposing Obote from the party presidency.

At a party conference in April he challenged John Kakonge for the secretariat-general of the UPC.

He convinced Obote that Kakonge posed a threat to his leadership of the UPC.

With Obote's support, Ibingira ousted Kakonge by two votes.

He used his new position to purge the party of a number of leftists and endorsed the abolition of the UPC Youth League.

Meanwhile, Mutesa increasingly feared that the UPC would deny his kingdom its traditional autonomy.

He concluded that in order to retain power he would have to garner influence in national politics.

Mutesa proceeded to instruct Baganda MPs to join the UPC with the goal of bolstering Ibingira's position and unseating Obote, thus allowing for a reorientation of the UPC-KY alliance that would be more favorable to Buganda.

As his working relationship with Mutesa improved, Ibingira amassed a coalition of non-Baganda southerners, dubbed the "Bantu Group".

In December 1964 he, under the cover of checking on his ranch in Ankole, traveled to the United States to raise funds to support anti-socialist causes.

Upon his return, he successfully used the money to expand his following.

The following year Ibingira played a key role in passing an amendment to the Police Ordinance through Parliament that allowed the police to disperse any public meeting or assembly.

By then it was apparent that the UPC had divided into an Ibingira-led wing and an Obote-led wing.

When Ibingira attempted to convene a UPC conference in his capacity as party secretary general, the police—acting under the authority of the new statute—shut it down.

In early 1966 a banker leaked the financial records of Idi Amin, a soldier in the Ugandan army who had close ties with Prime Minister Obote.