Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Meshullam Zalman Schachter-Shalomi (28 August 1924 – 3 July 2014), commonly called "Reb Zalman" (full Hebrew name: ), was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewal movement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue.

Born Meshullam Zalman Schachter in 1924 to Shlomo and Hayyah Gittel Schachter in Żółkiew, Poland (now Ukraine), Schachter was raised in Vienna, Austria.

His father was a liberal Belzer hasid and had Zalman educated at both a Zionist high school and an Orthodox yeshiva.

Schachter was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by fleeing to the United States in 1941.

He was ordained as an Orthodox rabbi in 1947 within the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic community while under the leadership of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and served Chabad congregations in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

In 1948, along with Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, Schachter was initially sent out to speak on college campuses by the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson.

From 1956 to 1975, Reb Zalman was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, though he travelled extensively.

In Winnipeg, he worked as the Hillel director and head of Judaic Studies at the University of Manitoba.

These positions allowed him to share his ideas and experiential techniques of spirituality with many Jewish and non-Jewish students, leaving lasting memories.

While pursuing a course of study at Boston University (including a class taught by Howard Thurman), he experienced an intellectual and spiritual shift.

In 1958, Schachter privately published what may have been the first English book on Jewish meditation.

It was later reprinted in The Jewish Catalog, and was read by a generation of Jews as well as some Christian contemplatives.

With subsequent rise of the hippie movement in the 1960s, and exposure to Christian mysticism, he moved away from the Chabad lifestyle.

Schachter left the Lubavitcher movement after experimenting with "the sacramental value of lysergic acid" from 1962.

In 1968, on sabbatical from the religion department of the University of Manitoba, he joined a group of other Jews in founding a havurah (small cooperative congregation) in Somerville, Massachusetts, called Havurat Shalom.

In 1974, Schachter hosted a month-long Kabbalah workshop in Berkeley, California; his experimental style and the inclusion of mystical and cross-cultural ideas are credited as the inspiration for the formation of the havurah there that eventually became the Aquarian Minyan congregation.

He eventually left the Lubavitch movement altogether and founded his own organization known as B'nai Or, meaning "Sons of Light," a title he took from the Dead Sea Scrolls writings.

During this period he was known to his followers as the "B'nai Or Rebbe", and the rainbow prayer shawl he designed for his group was known as the "B'nai Or tallit".

Both the havurah experiment and B'nai Or came to be seen as the early stirrings of the Jewish Renewal movement.

The congregation later changed its name to the more gender-neutral "P'nai Or" (meaning "Faces of Light"), and it continues under this name.

In the 1980s, Schachter added "Shalomi" (based on the Hebrew word shalom, or peace) to his name as a statement of his desire for peace in Israel and around the world.

In his later years, Schachter-Shalomi held the World Wisdom Chair at The Naropa Institute; he was Professor Emeritus at both Naropa and Temple University.

He also served on the faculty of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Omega, the NICABM, and other institutions.

He was co-founder, with Rabbi Arthur Waskow, of ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal, bringing together P'nai Or and The Shalom Center.

He was also the founder of the ALEPH Ordination Programs.

The seminary he founded has ordained over 80 rabbis and cantors.

Schachter-Shalomi was among the group of rabbis, from a wide range of Jewish denominations, who traveled together to India to meet with the Dalai Lama and discuss diaspora survival for Jews and Tibetan Buddhists with him.

Tibetans, exiled from their homeland for more than three generations, face some of the same assimilation challenges experienced by Jewish diaspora.

The Dalai Lama was interested in knowing how the Jews had survived with their culture intact.

That journey was chronicled in Rodger Kamenetz' 1994 book The Jew in the Lotus.

Schachter-Shalomi's work reflects several recurring themes, including:

He was committed to the Gaia hypothesis, to feminism, and to full inclusion of LGBT people within Judaism.

His innovations in Jewish worship include chanting prayers in English while retaining the traditional Hebrew structures and melodies, engaging (worshipers) in theological dialogue, leading meditation during services and the introduction of spontaneous movement and dance.

Many of these techniques have also found their way into the more mainstream Jewish community.

Schachter-Shalomi encouraged diversity among his students and urged them to bring their own talents, vision, views and social justice values to the study and practice of Judaism.

Based on the Hasidic writings of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbitz, he taught that anything, even what others consider sin and heresy, could be God's will.

His major academic work, Spiritual Intimacy: A study of Counseling in Hasidism, was the result of his doctoral research into the system of spiritual direction cultivated within Chabad Hasidism.

This led to his encouragement of students to study widely in the field of Spiritual Direction (one-on-one counseling) and to innovate contemporary systems to help renew a healthy spirituality in Jewish life.

He also pioneered the practice of "spiritual eldering", working with fellow seniors on coming to spiritual terms with aging and becoming mentors for younger adults.

Schachter-Shalomi theorized that the historical Hasidic Rebbes may be viewed as occupying one or several of the following roles or functions in relation to their support of their followers: