Yawovi Agboyibo

Yawovi Madji Agboyibo (31 December 1943 30 May 2020) was a Togolese attorney and politician.

Agboyibo was born Kouvé, Yoto Prefecture, in 1943.

His parents were Soklou Agboyibo and Doafio.

He became a lawyer and was active as an advocate for human rights.

In the March 1985 parliamentary election, which was held during the single-party rule of the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), he was elected to the National Assembly as an independent, winning the seat for Yoto Est constituency with 82.63% of the vote.

In 1987, President Gnassingbé Eyadéma appointed Agboyibo as President of the National Commission for Human Rights, which was created by the government on 9 June 1987 and inaugurated on 21 October 1987.

He served in that position until 1990.

Agboyibo was re-elected to the National Assembly in 1990, serving as a Deputy until the National Assembly was dissolved in 1991.

He was also a member of the Togolese League of Human Rights and was President of the Committee of Action against Tribalism and Regionalism from December 1990 to 1991.

Agboyibo was a leading participant in the struggle for democracy in the early 1990s and was President of the Front of Associations for Revival (FAR) at that time.

He participated in the July–August 1991 National Conference and was subsequently a member of the High Council of the Republic, which acted as the transitional legislature, from 1991 to 1992.

He also transformed the FAR into the Action Committee for Renewal (CAR), a political party, in 1991.

He and Kodjo withdrew due to concerns about fraud, believing that the number of registered voters—which had sharply increased since 1992—was too high.

In the absence of any serious opposition, incumbent President Eyadéma won the election overwhelmingly.

He was a member of the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace from 1990 to 1995, and on 12 May 1993 he was awarded the first German Africa Prize.

Although Agboyibo was initially a candidate in the August 1993 presidential election, he announced that he was withdrawing his candidacy and boycotting the election, along with fellow opposition candidate Edem Kodjo, on 22 August.

Agboyibo was elected to the National Assembly in the first round of the February 1994 parliamentary election as the CAR candidate in the First Constituency of Yoto-Centre.

Following the election, the CAR and its ally, the Kodjo-led Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), held a parliamentary majority, and they proposed Agboyibo as Prime Minister in March 1994.

However, the elections for three opposition-held seats (two for the CAR and one for the UTD) were subsequently invalidated, narrowly depriving the alliance of its majority.

Eyadéma appointed Kodjo as Prime Minister in April 1994; according to the CAR, Kodjo's acceptance of the post represented a violation of the two parties' agreement, and it refused to participate in Kodjo's government.

Agboyibo served as President of the CAR Parliamentary Group during the 1994–1999 parliamentary term.

On 12 August 1997, when Agboyibo was leaving the residence of the United States' ambassador to Togo, his car was stolen and his driver was knocked unconscious in an assault in the Lomé neighborhood of Be-Gbenyedji.

In November 1997, Agboyibo was assaulted in Bafilo before he was to address a meeting of the CAR.

He said that his assailants were soldiers and that the authorities were responsible.

On 27 September, he was additionally charged with having links to a group that allegedly committed crimes in Sedome in 1997.

In late November, Amnesty International called for Agboyibo's release.

On 18 April 1998, Agboyibo was nominated by the CAR as its candidate for the June 1998 presidential election at a national convention of the party in Lomé, becoming the third declared candidate.

On this occasion he said that the register of voters was seriously flawed and needed to be reviewed.

On 18 June, he and fellow opposition candidate Zarifou Ayéva called for the election to be delayed due to irregularities during electoral preparations and difficulties they faced in campaigning, including their treatment by the High Audiovisual and Communication Authority.

Following the election, held on 21 June, he denounced the declaration of Eyadéma's victory by the Interior Ministry as being based on "completely false figures" on 24 June and said that fellow opposition candidate Gilchrist Olympio of the Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) had actually won the election.

According to final results from the Constitutional Court, Agboyibo received 9.54% of the vote, in third place behind Eyadéma and Olympio.

In 1999, Agboyibo was head of the CAR delegation to the Inter-Togolese Dialogue.

On 10 January 2001, he called on Eyadéma to dissolve the National Assembly and hold a transparent early parliamentary election in March 2001, in order to fulfill a July 1999 agreement with the opposition.

Later in 2001, Agboyibo was tried for defamation of Prime Minister Agbeyome Kodjo; he had allegedly defamed Kodjo in 1998 by saying that Kodjo had participated in organizing a militia group while he was director of the Lomé port.

On 3 August 2001, Agboyibo was sentenced to six months in prison and was fined 100,000 CFA francs.

On 23 August, the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) called for his release, saying that he had not received a fair trial and noting that the president of the court was also the ruling RPT's representative on the National Electoral Commission.

Although an appeal court ruled in favor of Agboyibo regarding the defamation sentence in January 2002, he was not released due to the other charge of criminal complicity.

He was finally released on Eyadéma's orders on 14 March 2002, a decision that Eyadéma's office attributed to "the interest of national reconciliation and political appeasement".

He served as Prime Minister of Togo from September 2006 to December 2007 and was National President of the Action Committee for Renewal (CAR), an opposition political party, from 1991 to 2008.

He was the Honorary President of the CAR.