Werner Best

Karl Rudolf Werner Best (10 July 1903 – 23 June 1989) was a German jurist, police chief, SS-Obergruppenführer, Nazi Party leader, and theoretician from Darmstadt.

He was the first chief of Department 1 of the Gestapo, Nazi Germany's secret police, and initiated a registry of all Jews in Germany.

As a deputy of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, he organized the World War II SS-Einsatzgruppen, paramilitary death squads that carried out mass-murder in Nazi-occupied territories.

Werner Best was born on 10 July 1903 in Darmstadt, Hesse, but his parents moved to Dortmund when he was nine before settling in Mainz, where he completed his education.

His father was a postmaster who was killed in France at the outset of World War I.

In his younger years, Best founded the German National Youth League and joined the National People's Party of Mainz.

Between 1921 and 1925, he studied law at Frankfurt, Freiburg, Giessen, and the University of Heidelberg, where in 1927, he obtained his doctorate.

Owing to his political resistance activities against the French occupation of the Ruhr, Best was arrested and briefly imprisoned.

In 1930, he joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and by 1931—before the Nazis assumed power—he was already a member of the SS.

As a trained lawyer, Heydrich and Himmler counted on Best throughout the 1930s for his skills in conceptualizing and justifying Nazi law, which helped provide the SS-police apparatus with its nearly unrestricted power over German society.

Best became a member of the Academy for German Law and the chairman of its Committee on Police Law.

Dedicated to the national-racial cause of the Nazis and typifying the ideal administrator for its terror apparatus, Best quickly rose to the rank of SS-Brigadeführer and became chief of Department 1 of the Gestapo, which was in charge of organization, administration, and legal affairs.

He was a deputy to Reinhard Heydrich.

Both men saw the Gestapo as actually working on "behalf of the German people" through both "ethnic and political purification".

Sometime in 1931, he was forced out of judicial service in the German federal state of Hesse following the discovery of the Boxheim Documents, which were blueprints for a Nazi putsch he had written.

By 1934, Ernst Röhm's increasing political influence over the powerful Nazi paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA), was seen as a threat by Hitler, who ordered its elimination as an independent political force.

On 30 June 1934, the SS and Gestapo implemented Hitler's plan and carried out mass arrests that continued for two days.

While Heydrich coordinated the operation from Berlin, Best was sent to Munich to "oversee a wave of arrests" in the southern part of Germany.

The purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives.

Up to 200 people, including Röhm, were killed in the action.

Even though Canadian historian Robert Gellately wrote that most Gestapo men were not Nazis, at the same time, they were not opposed to the Nazi regime and willingly served in whatever task they were called upon to perform.

Over time, membership in the Gestapo included ideological indoctrination, particularly once Best assumed a leading role for training in April 1936.

Employing biological metaphors, Best emphasized a doctrine that encouraged members of the Gestapo to view themselves as 'doctors' to the national body in the struggle against "pathogens" and "diseases"; among the implied sicknesses were "communists, Freemasons, and the churches—and above and behind all these stood the Jews."

Heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the Gestapo, so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the Nazi body.

On 27 September 1939, the SD and SiPo (made up of the Gestapo and the Kripo) were folded into the new Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA), which was placed under Heydrich's control.

Best was made head of Amt I (Department I) of the RSHA: Administration and Legal.

That department dealt with the legal and personnel issues/matters of the SS and security police.

Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler relied on Best to develop and legally justify the activities against enemies of the state, especially those aimed at Jews.

In 1939 Best became one of the directors of Heydrich's foundation, the Stiftung Nordhav, and was placed in command of choosing leaders for the Einsatzgruppen task forces and their subgroups (the Einsatzkommandos) from among educated people with military experience; many of them former members of the Freikorps.

Best served in the German military occupation administration of France (1940–1942), and then became the civilian administrator of occupied Denmark (1942–1945).

Werner Best lost a power struggle within the RSHA, and had to leave Berlin in 1940.

With the military grade of War Administration Chief (Kriegsverwaltungschef), Best was appointed chief of the Section "Administration" (Abteilung Verwaltung) of the Administration Staff (Verwaltungsstab, Dr Schmid) under then (Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich or MBF) "Military Commander in France", General Otto von Stülpnagel in occupied France.

Best held this position until 1942.

In his efforts as the RSHA emissary in France, Best's unit drew up radical plans for a total reorganization of Western Europe based on racial principles; he sought to unite Netherlands, Flanders and French territory north of the river Loire into the Reich, turn Wallonia and Brittany into German protectorates, merge Northern Ireland with the Irish Free State, create a decentralized British federation and break Spain into independent entities of Galicia, Basque Country and Catalonia.

After the November 1942 Telegram Crisis, Best was appointed the Third Reich's Plenipotentiary (Reichsbevollmächtigter) in occupied Denmark, which gave him supervisory control of civilian affairs there.

Meanwhile, King Christian X, unlike most heads of state under Nazi German occupation, remained in power, along with the Danish Parliament, cabinet (a coalition of national unity) and courts.

When the Nazis attempted to deport Denmark's Jews, the cabinet and Christian X objected.

Convicted of war crimes in Denmark, he was released from prison in 1951.

Following his release, Best campaigned for an amnesty for Nazi war criminals and against the abolition of the statute of limitations.

He escaped further prosecution in West Germany in 1972 due to ill health and died in 1989, aged 85.