Wendy Rose

However, the Hopi Tribe of Arizona requirement for citizenship is one-quarter Hopi/Tewa blood or more and lineal descent from an ancestor listed on the Hopi Basic Membership Roll of 1937.

She began making her own path as a young woman when she dropped out of high school to go to San Francisco and join the American Indian Movement (AIM) and took part in the protest occupation of Alcatraz.

During this time, Rose spent time coming to terms with her ethnicity, gender, and an Indian's place in the world.

Wendy Rose (born May 8, 1948) is an American writer.

Having grown up in an environment which placed little emphasis on both her Native American and white background, much of her verse deals with her search for her personal identity.

She is also an anthropologist, artist, and social scientist.

Also known under her pseudonym Chiron Khanshendel, Wendy Rose is a poet, nonfiction writer, artist, educator, and anthropologist.

As a blend of all of these things, Rose rejects marginalization and categorization, but she is best known for her work as an American Indian poet.

Wendy Rose was born Bronwen Elizabeth Edwards on May 7, 1948, in Oakland, California.

Though she is of Hopi and Miwok ancestry, Rose was raised in a predominantly white community in San Francisco.

Growing up in an urban environment far removed from reservation life and Native American relations gave her little to no access to her native roots as a child.

A theme at the forefront of her poetry, she comes from a mixed-blood family.

She claims that her father is a full-blood Hopi and that she was denied membership in her father's tribe because ancestry is determined matrilineally.

She claims her mother was partly Miwok, but refused to acknowledge her American Indian heritage (instead she acknowledged her European ancestry including English, Scottish, Irish, and German extraction).

From 1966 to 1980, she began a new scholastic endeavor where she was enrolled in multiple colleges.

First she attended Cabrillo College and Contra Costa Junior College.

Then in 1974, Rose enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley.

While attending the university in 1976 she married Arthur Murata and earned her B.A. in anthropology in that same year.

Two years later she got her M.A. in 1978 and enrolled in the doctoral program.

During this period of her life, Rose published five volumes of poetry and completed her Ph.D. in anthropology.

Besides the roles already mentioned of poet, historian, painter, illustrator, and anthropologist, Wendy Rose is also a teacher, researcher, consultant, editor, panelist, bibliographer, and advisor.

Once she had returned to her schooling, Rose did not leave the world of academia again and went on to teach Native American and Ethnic studies first at the University of California, Berkeley from 1979 to 1983, then California State University, Fresno from 1983 to 1984 and finally at her current position in Fresno City College in 1984 where she is the Coordinator of the American Indian Studies Program and edited the American Indian Quarterly.

Rose is a member of the American Federation of Teachers and has served as a facilitator for the Association of Non-Federally Recognized California Tribes.

In addition, she also serves on the Modern Languages Association Commission on Languages and Literatures of America, Smithsonian Native Writers’ Series, Women's Literature Project of Oxford University Press, and Coordination Council of Literary Magazines.

Some of the major themes explored in Wendy Rose's works are themes relating to the Native American experience (both specifically her own and also more broadly applied to other cultures of marginalization): colonialism, imperialism, dependency, nostalgia for the old ways, reverence for grandparents, resentment for conditions of the present, plight of reservation and urban Indians, sense of hopelessness, the power of the trickster, feminism as synonymous with heritage, deadly compromise, symbolism of all that has been lost (such as land), tension between the desire to retrieve the past and the inevitability of change, arrogance of white people, problems of half-breeds (or mixed-bloods).

Of course there are other themes, many of which are related back to her life as an anthropologist.

Though she commonly shies away from her career as an anthropologist, constantly stating that she isn't really one of them (as she does in "Neon Scars" and her piece on whiteshamanism), the reader is constantly reminded of her involvement in history and science through the poetry's imagery and historical epigraphs.

While any of these could be discussed at length, one of the most prevalent themes Wendy Rose employs, which ties together many of the other more obscure themes, is the concept vividly expressed in the poem "For the White poets who would be Indian" (discussed below) known as “whiteshamanism.”

Whiteshamanism is a term coined by the Cherokee critic, Geary Hobson, which he defined to be “the apparently growing number of small-press poets of generally white, Euro-Christian American background, who in their poems assume the persona of the shaman, usually in the guise of an American Indian medicine man.

To be a poet is simply not enough; they must claim a power from higher sources.”

Both Hobson and Rose see this whiteshamanism as a modern sort of cultural imperialism.

In her discourse on whiteshamanism, "Just What’s All This Fuss About Whiteshamanism Anyway?", Rose compares a white man with no real blood connection to Native Americans calling himself a shaman to a man claiming to be a Rabbi who isn't Jewish.

Native Americans view the whiteshaman with a mix of humor and contempt.

It is not just the simple act of going outside their culture that is upsetting to Native Americans, but that they are misrepresenting the true Indian culture (their images are shadows of the true Indian style).

Rose is opposed to the idea that through reading and hearing about Indian culture anyone can simply claim to be a spokesperson for the Native American experience.

As she puts it, “The problem with 'whiteshamans' is one of integrity and intent, not of topic, style, interest, or experimentation.” Rose has no problem with other races writing about Native Americans and their history, so long as it is written from their perspective and not from a falsely manufactured “whiteshaman” persona who simply asserts that they have the authority to talk about and understand the Native American experience.

In the introduction of her retrospective collection Bone Dance (1994), she states that, "the personal is political."

As scholar David Perron so eloquently puts it: “We come to understand that the diversity of Rose's poetry is not about distinctions, but about wholeness.

Her contempt for the "whiteshaman" is out of the lack of wholeness which they represent, a wholeness which she has struggled to define in herself and her work.

As she was struggling to find her identity within her mixed lineage and culture, using poetry to express herself, the "whiteshaman" simply stole from her culture.