Tribhuvan of Nepal

Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah (त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाह), (30 June 1906 – 13 March 1955) was the eighth King of Nepal.

Tribhuvan was born on 30 June 1906 to Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah and Divyeshwari Lakshmi Devi Shah.

After the death of his father, Tribhuvan ascended the throne on 11 December 1911, at the age of five.

Queen Mother Divyeshwari Lakshmi Devi was appointed regent until Tribhuvan came of age.

He married at age 12 in a double ceremony.

Born in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, he ascended to the throne at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah, and was crowned on 20 February 1913 at the Nasal Chowk, Hanuman Dhoka Palace in Kathmandu, with his mother acting as regent.

At the time of his crowning, the position of monarch was largely ceremonial, with the real governing power residing with the Rana family.

He married first at the Narayanhity Palace in March 1919 to Kanti.

The same day he also married Ishwari.

He also had junior wives.

His first child and successor to the throne, Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, was born when both Tribhuvan and his wife, Queen Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah, were just 13 years old, on 11 June 1920.

Tensions between the royal family and the Ranas began during World War I.

The Ranas wanted to join the war in support of Britain.

The Shahs were reluctant and wished to remain neutral.

The then prime minister, Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, pressured the young king and threatened his mother, eventually forcing Tribhuvan to order the troops to war.

By the mid-1930s, popular discontent with the Ranas led to the establishment of several movements, notably the Nepal Praja Parishad, to which Tribhuvan himself gave his explicit support, to overthrow the Ranas.

In each instance, however, the Ranas responded harshly, banning the liberal movements and executing their leaders.

Tribhuvan worked closely with the Praja Parishad to abolish the Rana regime.

In November 1950, King Tribhuvan took refuge at the Indian Embassy.

He was accompanied by his son Mahendra and the eldest grandson Birendra, among others.

The then prime minister, Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana became furious and responded to Tribhuvan's move by calling an emergency meeting of the cabinet on 7 November 1950 at Singha Durbar.

In that meeting he announced Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, the four-year-old grandson of Tribhuvan, as the new King of Nepal.

On 10 November, two Indian planes landed at Gauchar Airport (now called Tribhuvan International Airport) and the royal family fled to New Delhi excluding the infant King, Gyanendra.

Tribhuvan was formally welcomed by Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and other high officials.

The removal of the king led to huge demonstrations in the country that compelled the Rana prime minister, Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana to negotiate with Tribhuvan and the Nepali Congress.

On 22 November 1950, Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, officially announced that India was not going to recognize Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah as the legitimate King of Nepal.

When Mohan Shumsher saw that the situation was out of his control, he sent the king's brother-in-law, Sir Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and Bijaya Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana to New Delhi for peace talks.

In New Delhi, King Tribhuvan, representatives of the Nepali Congress and the Rana Government all sat together to discuss the situation.

At last an agreement was reached according in which King Tribhuvan was to form a new ministry, under his leadership, consisting of the Nepali Congress and the Ranas on an equal basis.

Tribhuvan then flew back to Nepal, along with the members of the royal family and the leaders of the Congress Party on 15 February 1951.

On 18 February 1951, Tribhuvan returned from India as the monarch.

Three days after the return, Tribhuvan formally declared an end to Rana's family rule and established a democratic system, but Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana continued as the prime minister for a few more months.

According to the New Delhi Agreement, Tribhuvan announced on 13 February 1951, a cabinet headed by Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.

The following were the members of the Cabinet.

From the Rana clan:

From the Nepali Congress side:

This cabinet was reshuffled on 10 June 1951 to replace Baber Shamsher by Shangha Shamsher and Bharatmani Sharma by Surya Prasad Upadhyaya.

This cabinet was dissolved in November 1951 and MP Koirala became the new Prime Minister.

Tribhuvan died in 1955 in Zürich, Switzerland.

He was succeeded by his eldest legitimate son, Mahendra.