Tom Raworth

Thomas Moore Raworth (19 July 1938 – 8 February 2017) was an English-Irish poet, publisher, editor, and teacher who published over 40 books of poetry and prose during his life.

His work has been translated and published in many countries.

Raworth was a key figure in the British Poetry Revival.

Raworth was born on 19 July 1938 in Bexleyheath, Kent, and grew up in Welling, the neighbouring town.

His family maintained its strong Irish connections while he was growing up, something which would leave an impression on Raworth's sense of himself as a poet.

His mother's family lived in the same house in Dublin as Seán O'Casey at the time that the playwright was working on Juno and the Paycock.

When he was 52 years old, Raworth acquired an Irish passport.

He was educated at St. Stephen's Primary School, Welling, Kent (1943–1949); St Joseph's Academy, Blackheath, London S.E.3.

(1949–1954); and at the University of Essex (1967–1970), where he earned a Master's degree in 1970.

He left school at the age of sixteen and worked at a variety of jobs.

According to Raworth: Between leaving school in 1954 and going to the University of Essex in 1967 I had a variety of jobs, including insurance clerk, builders' labourer, packer, assistant transport manager, and continental telephonist.

In 1959 I taught myself how to set type and to print, and between then and 1964 I produced three issues of a magazine (outburst) and a series of small books.

Beginning in the early 1960s, with the magazine called Outburst, Raworth started his professional publishing career, when he published a number of British and American poets including Ed Dorn, Allen Ginsberg, and LeRoi Jones.

He also founded Matrix Press at this time, publishing small books by Dorn, David Ball, Piero Heliczer, and others.

These ventures into publishing made an important contribution to a new found British interest in the New American Poetry movement of the 1960s.

He was considered "a particularly transatlantic writer, living in the US for several years in the seventies".

Furthermore, Raworth's connection to American poetry through his work as an editor and publisher, established his American reputation in the U.S., often considered unequalled by any other British poet of that time period.

Over the years, since his work began appearing in the 1960s, Raworth had more than 40 books of his own work published, including pamphlets of poetry, prose and translations.

Raworth gave regular readings of his work throughout the course of his life, in Europe and the U.S. In time, he even gave readings in China and Mexico.

He made a number of recordings and videos during the course of his career.

In 1965, while working as an operator at the international telephone exchange, Raworth and Barry Hall set up Goliard Press, which published, amongst others, Charles Olson's first British collection.

Raworth's first book, The Relation Ship (1966), won the Alice Hunt Bartlett Prize.

Raworth attended the University of Essex from 1967–70, under the aegis of Donald Davie who ran the literature department there.

According to Raworth, he studied Spanish at the University of Essex, as he worked toward a B.A. in Latin American Literature.

Several boxes of Raworth's notebooks, typescripts, and correspondence (ca. 1968–1977) are held at the University of Connecticut's Dodd Research Center.

The latter included all of his uncollected prose, and included his "uncategorizable prose-work", long out-of-print: A Serial Biography (1969), which has been described as an "assembly of memoir and reportage."

But after the first year, he transferred to the Masters program and in 1970 was awarded an M.A. in the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation.

In the 1970s, he worked in the United States and Mexico, first teaching in universities in Ohio, Chicago and Texas, and later living in San Francisco where he was involved with the Zephyrus Image press.

His 1974 book Ace showed that Raworth had moved to a more disjunctive style in his work.

This style was reflected in short, unpunctuated lines that lead the reader into following multiple syntactic possibilities, and where it is "increasingly impossible to keep track of the profusion of meanings on offer."

Raworth's "poetic line" can knit together anything from observations of the everyday to self-reflexive commentary on the acts of thinking and writing, to lifts from pulp fiction and film noir, to political satire:Those looking for a sustained, linear narrative or argument are to be disappointed, but the themes interlock and repeat with an uncanny frequency that nonetheless gives the poem a grim feeling of progress – in the sense that tracing a finger along the side of a Möbius strip is progress.

What followed was a series of long poems in this particular mode —after Ace came Writing (composed 1975–77; published 1982), Catacoustics (composed 1978–81; published 1991) and West Wind (composed 1982–83; published 1984).

After six years abroad he returned with his family to England in 1977 to take up the post of resident poet in King's College, Cambridge for a year.

Raworth's early poetry showed the influences of the Black Mountain and New York School poets, particularly Robert Creeley and John Ashbery, together with strands from European poetry (Apollinaire), Dada, and Surrealism.

Subsequent projects have extended this mode into a kaleidoscopic sequence of 14-line poems (not exactly "sonnets") that extended through "Sentenced to Death" (in Visible Shivers, 1987), Eternal Sections (1993) and Survival (1994).

Later collections include Clean & Well Lit (1996), Meadow (1999), Caller and Other Pieces (2007), and Let Baby Fall (2008).

Raworth's 550-page Collected Poems was published in 2003.

A book of Raworth's prose, Earn your Milk, was published in 2009.

Although a number of major poems still remained uncollected at the time, much of these uncollected works were, subsequently, published during the years since the Collected Poems appeared: beginning with Windmills in Flames (2010).

Whatever didn’t make it into the latter publication, found its way into Structures from Motion and As When, both published in 2015.