Susanna Ounei

In 1974 Ounei was arrested and beaten for expressing her opposition to the celebration of the colonization of New Caledonia on 24 September 1853.

In prison Ounei developed the concept of the feminist Groupe de femmes kanak exploitées en lutte (GFKEL) with other women including Déwé Gorodey, at that time the only Kanak woman to have ever received a college education.

The organization was intended to ensure equal treatment of women within the independence movement.

Susanna Ounei (15 August 1945 – 21 June 2016) was a Kanak independence activist and feminist from New Caledonia who spent her last years in New Zealand.

She supported various other causes including a nuclear free Pacific and Maori independence.

Susanna Ounei was born in 1945 in Ouvéa in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Her official birthdate was 15 August 1945, although later in life she found that this date may have been incorrect.

She grew up in Poindimié on the east coast of New Caledonia.

Serious Kanak resistance began to develop in the 1960s and 1970s.

In response, the French government encouraged massive migration to New Caledonia to reduce the Kanaks to a powerless minority.

As a schoolgirl Ounei resented the racial arrogance of her teachers, and hoped that there would some day be a way to fight such behaviour.

She wrote, "My dreams became a reality in September 1969, when Nidoïsh Naisseline, the high chief['s son] of Mare returned to New Caledonia from France and established a political group called the 'Red Scarves'."

Ounei joined the Foulards Rouges (Red Scarves), which agitated for Kanak independence from France.

She had a job in a bank, and often used her wages to help other members of the group.

She also participated in the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific (NFIP) movement and in the Pacific women's movement.

Under French colonial rule the Kanak population fell from about 70,000 in the pre-colonial era to about 26,000 in the 1980s.

The Kanaks were segregated from whites and were subject to many restrictions and impositions.

Ounei wrote that "We grew up seeing how our parents were humiliated."

In the 1980s she became involved in the Maori sovereignty movement in New Zealand, speaking at many hui.

In 1984 GFKEL was one of the founding organizations of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS: Front de Libération Nationale Kanak et Socialiste).

Susanna Ounei lost her job in Nouméa due to her work for Kanak independence, and early in 1984 went to New Zealand to learn English.

The Council of Organisations for Relief Services Overseas (CORSO) and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) sponsored her in New Zealand, and she was later involved in projects with both organizations.

Susanna lived in New Zealand, attended the University of Canterbury, where she earned a degree in sociology, and published several works about Kanak independence.

In 1985 she attended the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, where she met the activist Angela Davis.

Around 1986 the GFKEL became dormant.

Ounei wrote in 1986,

"For us Kanak women, we have to politicize everything to get a just society. Their [Kanak men] attitude to the women is just exactly that of the white settlers, the rich folks, the army. Other political movements created their own women's section to cook for the men when they had general assemblies. We wanted a group to fight against that. Women wanted to talk about contraception. Before, in our society, we always had contraception. If a woman wanted to have children she could--if not she could go to one of the older women who knew what herbs or leaves she could use. But since the church came, it is a crime to talk about contraception, so we organize to fight that."

She married a New Zealander, David Small, in 1986.

Two of Ounei's brothers were killed by French troops during New Caledonia resistance activities in April 1988.

In her 1990 book Kanaky Ounei noted that there were few women in the independence movement, and some male members tried to discourage them, saying it was against the custom for women to speak.

Some women also viewed them negatively because they would discuss subjects like contraception.

Ounei expressed hostility to the Christian Church, which she felt had corrupted the custom and perpetrated male dominance.

She wrote,

"There are some who believe that the custom says women's position is below the man. There is nothing says that: that in the custom women should be beaten or raped, or she should shut her mouth when her husband is around. There is nothing in the custom says that. That is a big lie. It is just to protect themselves, their power... We have to fight hard to make men understand that a free Kanaky is for everyone. Not only independence for men but independence for everyone. I try to change the attitudes of my brothers but I can't hate them."

In the 1990s the Pacific Concerns Resource Centre, the secretariat of the NFIP, moved from Auckland, New Zealand to Suva, Fiji.

Susanna was appointed assistant director of decolonization.

Omomo Melen Pacific (Women Lifeblood of the Pacific) was created in a December 1994 meeting convened by Ounei as a network of activists from Australia, New Zealand, Bougainville, East Timor, New Caledonia, Tahiti and West Papua.

The immediate goal was the ensure visible participation at the forthcoming Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.

Ounei has pointed out that Kanak women were involved in "grassroots" activism from the mid-19th century, when they tried to hide their husbands and children from the French armies.

More recently, they fought the prohibition against contraception imposed by the French and supported and participated in opposition to French armed forces.