Spomenka Hribar

Spomenka Hribar (born 25 January 1941) is a Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual.

She graduated in 1965 with a thesis on Marx's concept of freedom.

Between 1965-66, she was co-editor of the student magazine Tribuna.

Under her solicitation, the magazine became one of the first Yugoslav student journals which also published pieces by students of theology.

Among the young theologians sponsored by Hribar was also Anton Stres, later archbishop of Ljubljana who shared the same scholarly interest as Hribar in the Marxist and Hegelian conceptions of freedom.

In 1969, she got a job at the Institute for Sociology of the University of Ljubljana.

Although, a member of the Communist Party, she grew alienated from Marxism in the 1970s.

Under the influence of the literary historian Dušan Pirjevec and the philosopher Tine Hribar, whom she later married, she developed an interest in the phenomenological philosophy of Martin Heidegger.

In 1975, after the poet and thinker Edvard Kocbek publicly denounced the mass killings of Slovene Home Guard members by the Communist regime after World War II, she dedicated most of her intellectual endeavours to the understanding and explaining what she called the tragedy of Slovenian resistance and revolution during and after World War II.

She was one of the most influential Slovenian intellectuals in the 1980s, and was frequently called "the First Lady of Slovenian Democratic Opposition", and "the Voice of Slovenian Spring" She is married to the Slovenian Heideggerian philosopher Tine Hribar.

She was born Spomenka Diklić in Belgrade, then the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to a Serb father (Radenko Diklić) and a Slovene mother (Marija Jelica Mravlje).

Her father died at the Glavnjača prison, where the opponents of the collaborationist state of Milan Nedić were imprisoned.

After World War II, she moved with her mother to Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia.

She spent her childhood in the village of Žiri.

After finishing high school in Škofja Loka, she enrolled at the University of Ljubljana, where she studied philosophy and sociology.

In the 1980s, Spomenka and her husband Tine Hribar became important members of a newly formed circle of critical Slovene intellectuals, gathered around the journal Nova revija.

In 1983, she started writing the essay "Guilt and Sin" (Krivda in greh), which became one of the most influential texts in post-war Slovenia.

In the essay, meant for publishing in a collective volume on Edvard Kocbek, she denounced the mass killings in Slovenia after World War II.

In early 1984, the essay leaked to the officials of the League of Communists of Slovenia.

In September of the same year, shortly before the planned issue of the volume, the official Slovenian press launched a campaign against Spomenka Hribar, accusing her of counter-revolutionary attitudes and slander against the partisan resistance.

In 1985, she was expelled from the Communist Party.

Despite the denigration campaign, many important public figures rose to her defence, including the sociologist Pavle Gantar.

In this period, she was first called "the Slovene Antigone", an epitome that has stuck to her since then.

In 1987, she was a co-author of the Contributions for the Slovenian National Program, a collective text in which several Slovene public intellectuals and scholars demanded a sovereign and democratic Slovenian state.

In 1989, she was one of the co-founders of the Slovenian Democratic Union, one of the first anti-Communist parties in Slovenia.

Together with her husband Tine Hribar and the jurists France Bučar and Peter Jambrek She became one of the party's foremost theoreticians.

In the first free elections in Slovenia in April 1990, won by the Democratic Opposition of Slovenia, she was elected to the Slovenian Parliament.

Between 1990 and 1991, she was very active in the endeavours for the separation of Slovenia from Yugoslavia.

Together with Jože Pučnik, she emerged as the leader of the DEMOS coalition majority in the Lower Chamber of the Slovenian Parliament.

At the same time, she grew increasingly critical to the right wing of the DEMOS coalition, embodied by the Slovene Christian Democrats, whom she accused of backing the Roman Catholic Church and favouring their own sectarian vision of neo-conservative revisionism against the common endeavours for Slovenian independence from Yugoslavia.

After the Ten-Day War, Hribar turned against the conservative wing of her own party, the Slovenian Democratic Union.

In the 1990s, Spomenka Hribar emerged as one of the strongest critics of the politician Janez Janša, one of the leaders of the Slovenian right wing.

The clash resulted in the split of the party between the social liberal Democratic Party and the liberal conservative National Democratic Party, which occurred in late 1991.

In 1992, Hribar was among those who pushed for the dissolution of the DEMOS coalition, and backed the formation of a centre left government under the Liberal Democrat Janez Drnovšek.

Before the elections of 1992, Spomenka Hribar caused a famous controversy with the article "Stopping the Right Wing" (Zaustaviti desnico, sometimes erroneously rendered as an imperative, Zaustavite desnico, that is "Stop the Right Wing!").

In the article, she warned against the rise of right wing discourse in post-independence Slovenia.

After the failure of the Democratic Party in 1992, Hribar withdrew from party politics, but remained in public life as a commentator and columnist.

In her articles, she has stood up for various left liberal values in various contexts, from bioethics to immigration and integration policies.

Her criticism towards the Slovenian right wing gradually brought Hribar closer to the Slovenian left wing, including then- President of Slovenia Milan Kučan and the third way reformist circles within the United List of Social Democrats.

She frequently, however, took a more nationalist stand regarding foreign policy, especially the border disputes with neighbouring Croatia.