Siti Hartati Murdaya

Siti Hartati Tjakra Murdaya (Chow Li Ing), born 29 August 1946, is a prominent Indonesian businesswoman, Buddhist leader and convicted corruption felon.

She co-founded the Cipta Cakra Murdaya (CCM) group of companies, which is involved in real estate, IT, timber, plantations, consumer goods and engineering.

The company's real estate assets include shopping centers, office buildings, hotels and the Jakarta International Expo Center.

In the early 1970s, Hartati and her husband founded PT CCM, which focused on the electricity and construction sectors.

Regarded as cronies of authoritarian president Suharto, the couple made their fortunes through lucrative procurement contracts for state electricity company PLN.

They were also close to the Indonesian military.

As their business grew, Hartati and her husband went on to cooperate with some of the world's largest power companies, such as Fuji Electric of Japan and Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) of Switzerland.

CCM also won a license for the production of Nike shoes in Indonesia, and marketed the products of some major technology firms, such as IBM, HP, Hitachi, Fujitsu and Symantec.

In 1971, the 25-year-old Hartati met a young entrepreneur, Murdaya Widyawimarta Poo (also known as Poo Tjie Goan), and they married in 1972.

A year later, Hartati left her father's company to assist her husband in building his business.

In 1984, Hartati attended an executive program for graduate students at Stanford University in California, as well as a program in management for smaller companies at the National University of Singapore in 1985.

Hartati's four children were educated in the US from a young age and reside in San Francisco, New York, and Jakarta.

In 1992, Hartati was appointed chairwoman of a Buddhist umbrella group called Leadership of Indonesian Buddhists (Perwalian Umat Buddha Indonesia, Walubi).

This was the only national Buddhist organization recognized by the government during the Suharto regime and it helped to mobilize support among ethnic Chinese for Suharto's political vehicle, Golkar.

Following the fall of Suharto in May 1998, a schism between the country's Buddhist groups prompted a challenge to Hartati's leadership of Walubi.

This led to Walubi being dissolved in November 1998.

Hartati quickly responded in December 1998 by founding the Representatives of the Indonesian Buddhist Community (Perwakilan Umat Buddha Indonesia, also called Walubi), which she has led since its inception.

The organization aims to cultivate greater communication and cooperation between its components, and to promote Buddhism in Indonesia.

Its components include Lembaga Keagamaan Buddha, Dewan Sangha, Badan Kehormatan and Wadah Kemasyarakatanin.

One of Walubi's tenets is commitment to community service, along with having an open mind to other faiths and beliefs.

Under Hartati's leadership, Walubi is involved in post-disaster relief work, as well as missions where medical staff of different faiths volunteer to provide free treatment, such as cataract removals, cleft-palate corrections in children, tumor removals and dental care, to thousands of patients.

Hartati organizes and participates in many of these missions herself.

In 2012, Hartati was listed by Forbes as one of Asia's 50 Power Businesswomen.

Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) arrested Hartati on 12 September 2012 on suspicion of bribery.

She subsequently resigned from the Democratic Party's board of patrons and the National Economic Committee.

Hartati was in 2013 sentenced to 32 months in jail for paying bribes to obtain permits for her oil palm plantation companies.

Hartati grew up in Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, the eldest of seven children in a devout Buddhist family.

Her father, Tjakra Bhudi, was a former journalist.

She studied economics at Trisakti University, and worked in her father's sawmill company as general manager after graduation.

As of 2013, the group employed about 45,000 people across various industries ranging from property to retail to agribusiness.

On 4 February 2013, Hartati was sentenced to 32 months in prison and fined Rp150 million ($15,000) after a court found her guilty of bribery.

The penalty was less than the five-year sentence and Rp250 million fine recommended by the KPK.

Hartati had paid Rp3 billion ($309,000) in bribes to Amran Batalipu, the former regent of Buol in Central Sulawesi, in exchange for land concessions for her oil palm plantation companies, PT Hartati Inti Plantation and PT Cipta Cakra Murdaya.

Hartati was released on parole on 23 July 2014, after serving two-thirds of her sentence.

She did not make the list in 2016.

In 2018, Hartati and her husband ranked 32nd on Globe Asia's list of 150 richest Indonesians, with wealth of $1.4 billion.

Also in 2018, Murdaya Poo was ranked 22nd on Forbes Media's list of Indonesia's 50 Richest.

Hartati's personal website lists CCM's business partners in the following sectors:

After the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, which killed over 400 people and left over 14,000 homeless, Hartati was involved in the provision of relief aid.

In November 2018, Hartati paid Rp120 million for a painting of Muslim leader and vice presidential candidate Ma'ruf Amin at a charity auction to raise funds for victims of the 2018 earthquake and tsunami in Palu and Donggala, Central Sulawesi.