Ruth Lubic

Ruth Watson Lubic, CNM, EdD, FAAN, FACNM, (born January 18, 1927) is an American nurse-midwife and applied anthropologist who pioneered the role of nurse-midwives as primary care providers for women, particularly in maternity care.

Lubic is considered to be one of the leaders of the nurse-midwifery movement in the United States.

Following the death of her father in 1942, and with her older sister in college, Lubic managed the drugstore full-time with her mother while completing her schooling.

At age 25, Lubic began her education and training in a diploma nursing program in 1952 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, where she was elected student body president.

Lubic holds an RN diploma (1955) from Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, a certificate in nurse-midwifery (1962) from the Maternity Center Association (MCA), and a BS in nursing (1959), MA in medical/surgical nursing (1961), and EdD in Applied Anthropology (1979) from Teachers College, Columbia University.

Lubic has also been awarded honorary doctorates from six universities.

That same year, she was introduced to William Lubic, a Columbia University and University of Pennsylvania Law School graduate and New York lawyer, whom she later married in 1955.

Shortly after her marriage, Lubic graduated with her RN diploma and was recognized as the recipient of the Letitia White Award for Highest Academic Average and the Florence Nightingale Medal for Excellence in Nursing Practice.

Following her graduation, Lubic moved to New York and began working at the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases (now the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) as a staff nurse and, later, as a head nurse until 1958.

Lubic continued her education concurrently through courses at Hunter College to work towards a bachelor's degree in nursing, which she pursued part-time for three years before resuming her education full-time at Teachers College (TC), Columbia University.

She graduated with her bachelor's degree in nursing in 1959 and, after a short break during which she had her first child, Douglas Lubic, she received her master's degree in medical/surgical nursing in 1961 from TC.

Lubic's entrance into the field of nurse-midwifery began in 1959 with the birth of her son and her unconventional (for the time) delivery experience, which she considered to be one of the most pivotal moments in her life.

Her obstetrician, Edward Cullee Mann, permitted Lubic's husband to remain in the labor-delivery room for the duration of her labor and birth; Mann gave both Lubic and her husband time to bond with the newborn immediately after the delivery without any healthcare staff present.

Mann later encouraged Lubic to pursue a career as a nurse-midwife through the midwifery training program at Maternity Center Association (MCA).

Lubic completed her certificate in nurse-midwifery in 1962.

After attaining her nurse-midwifery certificate, Lubic became a member of the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), where she was a program committee member in 1962, the chair of local chapters in 1963, the vice president from 1964 to 1966, and the president-elect in 1969.

Booth Maternity Hospital was originally founded in 1962 and operated by The Salvation Army.

In 1963, Lubic accepted a position with the MCA and worked as a parent educator and counselor until 1967.

Collaborating with the ACNM president and board, Lubic, her husband, and Martin Ginsburg helped to establish the ACNM Foundation in 1967.

Influenced by her student experience working with lower-income Latino and African-American families, Lubic began working on her Doctor of Education degree in applied anthropology in 1967 at TC.

This decision was also influenced by Lubic's friend, Lambros Comitas, an anthropologist at TC who emphasized to Lubic the importance of understanding how culture affected health and healthcare decision-making.

Lubic completed her doctoral studies in 1970.

Another pivotal moment in Lubic's life and career began with her appointment as the General Director of the MCA in 1970, a position she would hold for 25 years until 1995.

As General Director, Lubic championed for the provision of an alternative to the institutionalized, medical model of birth that was prevalent during the time.

Lubic believed that more autonomous, family-centered maternity care and services provided by nurse-midwives could better meet the needs of low-risk expectant individuals and their families.

Lubic advocated for the role of nurse-midwives as providers of prenatal care, birth, and postpartum care and believed that freestanding birth centers served as a safe, comprehensive, and less costly option to both hospital births and home births.

The need to address and provide alternatives to institutionalized obstetric care also came during a time when the intersection of different sociocultural and sociopolitical movements of the 1970s, like the feminist and the women's health movements, greatly influenced perceptions of the medical model of health care.

There was a general mistrust in physicians and hospital institutions and substantial criticism of and dissatisfaction with the lack of individualized and personalized care with hospital births.

In 1971, Lubic worked with the MCA, nurse-midwife Kitty Ernst, and obstetrician John Franklin to establish Booth Maternity Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which was previously known as the Booth Maternity Hospital.

Lubic co-founded two legally sanctioned, freestanding birth centers in New York City: the Childbearing Center (1975), which served middle-class families of Upper East Side Manhattan, and the Morris Heights Childbearing Center (1988), which served the lower-income families of the South Bronx.

By focusing on providing safe and family-centered maternity care, education, and services, these birth centers served as effective alternatives to institutionalized obstetric care.

Her dissertation, “Barriers and Conflict in Maternity Care Innovation,” was completed in 1979.

She was the 1983 recipient of the Hattie Hemschemeyer Award from the American College of Nurse-Midwives, the 2001 recipient of the Gustav O. Lienhard Award from the National Academy of Medicine, and one of the 2001 Living Legend honorees from the American Academy of Nursing.

She is currently Founder and President Emerita of the Developing Families Center and Founder of the Family Health and Birth Center.

Lubic was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania to John Russell Watson and Lillian Watson (née Kraft) and raised as the second of two daughters.

John was a third-generation pharmacist who owned and managed Watson's Drug Store alongside his wife, and Lubic spent much of her childhood there assisting with everyday duties and chores.

In 1993, Lubic became the first nurse to receive the MacArthur Fellowship, the “Genius Grant,” which included a $375,000 prize.

Lubic utilized the $375,000 grant to found her third birth center, the Family Health and Birth Center in the collaborative of the Developing Families Center in Washington, D.C. (2000), where the maternal and infant mortality rates were the highest in the United States.

The Family Health and Birth Center has had a significant impact in Washington, D.C., as demonstrated by the decreased rates of cesarean sections, preterm births, and low birth weight newborns when compared to those of the city's. The center has also saved the city's health care system an estimated cost of over $1 million each year.

Lubic has been widely recognized for her work as a nurse-midwife.