Renate Lepsius

Unlike most members of the intellectual liberal elite, Renate's father had read Mein Kampf, the chancellor's Bizarre presentation of his political views, shortly after its publication back in 1925, and was evidently less surprised than many by what happened after 1933.

He was quickly transferred to a less important job, and in many respects the family spent the twelve Nazi years as "internal emigrants", separating themselves from the social and political mainstream while avoiding the more suicidal aspects of "active resistance".

Invoking what one source describes as "tricks and excuses", Renate's mother managed to keep her girls out of the government backed Bund Deutscher Mädel (literally "League of German Girls").

The Meyers did retain clandestine (and dangerous) contacts with those Jewish friends who had not fled abroad or been disappeared.

Meyer was aware of one Jewish friend whom, with others in their circle, her parents were able to save from deportation to the death camps, rotating her secretly between a succession of hiding places.

The constant danger of denunciation to the authorities, the need to know as though by instinct when to avoid sharing information or opinions and the feeling of being excluded from the majority of the pro-Nazi "right thinking" mainstream, were a constant backdrop of Renate Meyer's childhood.

That, along with the awareness that her family had been part of a small number of well-informed politically aware individuals who had recognised the inhumanity underlying Nazi policy from the outset, provided a moral and intellectual context for the rest of Renate Meyer's life.

Renate Meyer attended junior school locally in the Schlachtensee district on the south side of Berlin, and then moved to a senior school in the nearby Dahlem quarter.

Looking back on her school days, she would recall that she seemed "always to be the youngest in the class".

Renate Lepsius (born Renate Meyer: 21 June 1927 - 28 June 2004) was a German journalist, historian and politician (SPD).

Renate Meyer, a twin, was born during the early summer of 1927 in Berlin during the closing years of the Weimar period.

She had a brother who had been born four years earlier.

Her sister, whom she later liked to insist was "half an hour older", was the other twin.

She came from a family of middle class intellectuals.

Her father, originally from Germany's northwestern coastal flatlands, was head of a local senior school, a member of the centre-left Democratic Party and a passionate advocate of land reform.

Her mother had also planned to join the teaching profession, but had been diverted into domesticity during the economically and politically troubled postwar years.

Till 1933 the family lived comfortably.

Their social circle was large and contained many people who would have considered themselves intellectuals and / or Jewish.

During the early months of 1933 the new Hitler regime lost little time in transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship.

Renate's father was a founder member of the new centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a new political party intended to combine the various strands of political moderation which it was believed had, through their fragmentation, opened up a path for populism in the buildup to 1933.

In 1943 the Berlin schools were evacuated because of the bombing and she ended up attending school in Potsdam.

In 1944 she was conscripted for war work at the Telefunken factory.

In 1945 she nevertheless succeeded in passing her "Notabitur" - a version of the usual school leaving exam, truncated because of the impact of war Under normal conditions that would have opened the way to university-level education, and in the winter term of 1947 she enrolled at Berlin's Humboldt University.

She had to struggle for a place not merely against her father's opposition but also on account of the need to compete with surviving (male) soldiers returning from the front and keen to catch up on their education.

In the end she secured her place thanks to the intervention of her father's communist boss.

(The Humboldt, in the eastern part of the city centre, had ended up in the Soviet occupation zone. She studied History, Literature and Social-Political Sciences.

Her father's objection to her attending university was reportedly based both on the expense involved and on a belief that women should concentrate on their "domestic responsibilities" and in this he was reportedly backed by his wife, despite the frustration of her own earlier plans to become a teacher.

After a year Renate Meyer switched to Freiburg University, about as far from Berlin as it was possible to relocate to without emigrating, "in order to free myself from the strong arm of my father".

War ended in military defeat and an end to the Nazi regime in May 1945.

Later in 1948 she went to England at the invitation of the London-based German Educational Reconstruction Committee (GER), an organisation with close links to the ruling Labour Party.

The GER had been founded by German emigrants during the war.

She was impressed by the full shops and by the friendliness of the people she met in England.

It was at the London School of Economics that in 1951 she met Rainer Lepsius whom she would later marry.

In London she also met, and was influenced by, a number of ruling Labour Party including, notably, several Quakers.

She was intrigued by movement's refreshing internationalism and pacifism.

There was also a more personal aspect to her stay in England which enabled her to make progress with the difficult task of escaping from her father's evidently formidable intellectual influence.

By 1953 she was back in Berlin, which is where she received her doctorate in history that year.

Her doctoral dissertation dealt with "a foreign policy" topic.

She resigned from the German parliament ("Bundestag") ahead of the 1987 election, by which time she had spent almost fifteen years as a high-profile member of it.

That same year saw the publication of, "Frauenpolitik als Beruf. Gespräche mit SPD Parlementarierrinnen" (loosely: "Politics as a profession for women. Conversations with SPD women politicians"), which the respected commentator Rolf Zundel, writing in 1987, described as "probably the most impressive book about women in politics for many years".