Pancho Barnes

Florence Lowe "Pancho" Barnes (July 22, 1901 – March 30, 1975) was a pioneer aviator and a founder of the first movie stunt pilots' union.

She was born as Florence Leontine Lowe on July 22, 1901, to Thaddeus Lowe II (1870–1955) and his first wife, Florence May Dobbins, in Pasadena, California.

She was born to a wealthy family, growing up in a large mansion in San Marino, California.

During her formative years, she attended the area's finest private schools, such as The Bishop's School.

Her father, an avid sportsman, encouraged her to appreciate the great outdoors, and Florence became an accomplished equestrian.

Her grandfather was Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, who had pioneered American aviation with the establishment of the nation's first military air unit, the Army of the Potomac's balloon corps during the American Civil War.

He took his granddaughter to an air show when she was 10 years old.

Her early close friend George Hurrell (1904–1992), then eking out a living as a painter and photographer in Laguna Beach, California, would later become the head of the portrait department of MGM Studios.

Barnes is credited with helping Hurrell start his career in Hollywood after he took the photo she was to use on her pilot's license, introducing him to her Hollywood friends.

In a short period of time, Hurrell became the most in-demand photographer in Hollywood.

Barnes lost most of her money in the Great Depression.

In 1919, Florence married Reverend C. Rankin Barnes of South Pasadena, California, and they had a son, William E. Barnes.

Her mother died in 1924.

Having spent four months abroad in Mexico, getting caught up with revolutionaries and escaping the attention of authorities, disguised as a man, she began to use the nickname "Pancho" around this time.

Barnes returned to San Marino, California, with an inheritance bequeathed to her on her parents' death.

In 1928, while driving her cousin Dean Banks to flying lessons, she decided to learn to fly, and convinced her cousin's flight instructor, Ben Catlin, a World War I veteran, of her desire that same day.

She soloed after six hours of formal instruction.

Barnes ran an ad-hoc barnstorming show and competed in air races.

Despite a crash in the 1929 Women's Air Derby, she returned in 1930 under the sponsorship of the Union Oil Company to win the race – and break Amelia Earhart's world women's speed record with a speed of 196.19 mph. Barnes broke this record in a Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship.

After her contract with Union Oil expired, Barnes moved to Hollywood to work as a stunt pilot for movies.

In 1930, she broke Amelia Earhart's air speed record.

Barnes raced in the Women's Air Derby and was a member of the Ninety-Nines.

In later years, she was known as the owner of the Happy Bottom Riding Club, a bar and restaurant in the Mojave Desert, Southern California, catering to the legendary test pilots and aviators who worked nearby.

She flew in several air-adventure movies of the 1930s, including Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels (1930).

Barnes had extensive connections in Hollywood.

In 1931, she started the Associated Motion Picture Pilots, a union of film industry stunt fliers which promoted flying safety and standardized pay for aerial stunt work.

By 1935, she had only her apartment in Hollywood left.

She sold it, and in March 1935 bought 180 acre of land in the Mojave Desert, near the Rogers dry lake bed and the nascent Muroc Field, then called March Field because it was an adjunct property of March Army Air Base at that time.

On her land, Pancho Barnes built the Happy Bottom Riding Club, also known as the Rancho Oro Verde Fly-Inn Dude Ranch, a dude ranch and restaurant which catered to airmen at the nearby airfield and her friends from Hollywood.

Barnes became very close friends with many of the early test pilots, including Chuck Yeager, Robert Anderson "Bob" Hoover, Walt Williams, Jack Ridley, General Jimmy Doolittle, Buzz Aldrin, North American Aviation flight test mechanic Bob Cadick, and flight test supervisor Roy Ferren.

Barnes' ranch became famous for the parties and high-flying lifestyle of all the guests.

After successful flight trials, the Muroc and Edwards test pilots often enjoyed some good times at the Happy Bottom Riding Club.

As proprietor, Barnes would offer them a customary free steak dinner for breaking the sound barrier.

A change of command in 1952, however, contributed to Barnes getting into a conflict with the United States Air Force (USAF).

The USAF was planning for the future of aviation, and decided it needed to build a new, super-long runway to accommodate new aircraft that were being planned to run on atomic power.

That new runway would run directly across her ranch.

The USAF originally offered her a price for her ranch, land, and facilities that was very close to the cost of undeveloped desert land.

She requested a fair appraisal to better reflect the actual cost of replacement of her land and business, but in the midst of getting a re-appraisal, the base leadership accused her of running a house of ill-repute on her ranch.

The effect of even the hint of impropriety resulted in her ranch and business being put off-limits to military personnel, and the value of her business plummeted.

Barnes then filed a lawsuit against the USAF to, as she put it, "Roust out the scoundrels in the government who would perpetrate such an injustice."