Mildred Harnack

Mildred Elizabeth Harnack ( Fish; September 16, 1902 – February 16, 1943) was an American literary historian, translator, and member of the German resistance against the Nazi regime.

In 1919, she began studying at George Washington University, then enrolled in 1921 at the University of Wisconsin.

During her first year, she worked for the Wisconsin State Journal as a film and drama critic to support herself.

She stayed at a rooming house popular with journalists and writers, but left after facing some mild prejudice, which caused her to change her major from journalism to humanities, then later to English literature.

In 1922, she became a staff writer for the Wisconsin Literary Magazine.

On June 22, 1925, she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts in Humanities.

Her senior thesis was "A Comparison of Chapman's and Pope's Translations of the Iliad with the Original".

She stayed for further study and was awarded a Master of Arts degree in English on August 6, 1925.

While Mildred was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she met Arvid Harnack, a graduate student from Germany who was studying under a Rockefeller Fellowship.

After a brief love affair, they were engaged on June 6, 1926, and wed on August 7, 1926 in a ceremony at her brother's farm near the village of Brooklyn, Wisconsin.

On September 28, 1928, Arvid Harnack returned to Germany.

Between 1928 and 1929, Mildred Fish-Harnack taught English and American literature at Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland.

A fellow student of Mildred Harnack's at the University of Wisconsin was Clara Leiser.

A professor who exerted an influence over her was William Ellery Leonard, who advised her when she was writing her senior thesis.

Leonard was a non-conformist who believed in the Emersonian principle that "nothing at last is sacred but the integrity of [one's] own mind".

He subjected Fish-Harnack to a grueling scrutiny that shaped her intellectual outlook.

For Fish-Harnack, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman were the two greatest advocates of American literature.

While at Madison, the couple met Margaretha "Greta" Lorke, a German student of sociology who had been invited to study in the U.S. A lifelong friendship developed between Mildred and Greta.

Lorke later married Adam Kuckhoff.

After marrying Arvid Harnack, she moved to Germany in 1929, where she began her career as an academic.

Mildred Harnack spent a year at the University of Jena and the University of Giessen working on her doctoral thesis.

At Giessen, she witnessed the beginnings of Nazism.

On June 2, 1929, Mildred moved to Jena in Germany, where she spent her first year living with the Harnack family.

Mildred Harnack became an assistant lecturer in English and American literature at the University of Berlin in 1931.

In 1932, Mildred and her husband Arvid began to resist Nazism.

Mildred nicknamed the underground resistance group they established "the Circle."

Mildred and Arvid became friends with Louise and Donald Heath, who was First Secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, and to whom Mildred and Arvid passed intelligence from Arvid's position at the Reich Economics Ministry.

Between 1935 and 1940, the couple's group intersected with three other anti-fascist resistance groups.

The most important of these was run by Luftwaffe lieutenant Harro Schulze-Boysen.

Like numerous groups in other parts of the world, the undercover political factions led by Harnack and Schulze-Boysen later developed into an espionage network that collaborated with Soviet intelligence to defeat Hitler.

This Berlin anti-fascist espionage group "the Circle" was later named the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr.

The couple were arrested in September 1942 and executed shortly after.

Mildred Elizabeth Fish was born and raised on the west side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Her parents were William Cook Fish, who was frequently unemployed between gigs as an insurance salesman, butcher, and horse trader, and Georgina Fish ( Hesketh), a self-taught stenographer and typist.

Mildred had three siblings, Harriette (the eldest), and twins Marbeau (aka "Bob") and Marion.

She attended West Division High School (now Milwaukee High School of the Arts).

After the death of her father, Mildred and her mother moved to Chevy Chase, Maryland where Mildred's eldest sister lived.

There she attended Western High School her senior year.

She played on the basketball and baseball teams, served as editor for The Trailblazer, and played the role of Princess Angelica in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring, the senior class play.

She finished her last year at Western High School.