Michael Foale

Colin Michael Foale (born 6 January 1957) is a British-American astrophysicist and a former NASA astronaut.

He is a veteran of six space missions, and is the only NASA astronaut to have flown extended missions aboard both Mir and the International Space Station.

He was the second Briton in space and the first to perform a space walk.

A member of the Air Training Corps, he studied at Queens' College, Cambridge, (with Stephen Fry who was entertained by his ambition of going to space) receiving a first-class honours BA degree in natural sciences in 1978 (later promoted to a Cambridge MA), and subsequenltly a PhD in laboratory astrophysics in 1982, where his supervisor was Alan Cook.

When he left university, he "owned two pairs of jeans, a donkey jacket, a bicycle and a pilot's licence; which shows I had my priorities absolutely right".

While a postgraduate student at Cambridge University, Foale participated in the organisation and execution of scientific scuba diving projects.

Pursuing a career in the US Space Program, Foale moved to Houston, Texas, to work on Space Shuttle navigation problems for McDonnell Douglas.

In June 1983, Foale joined NASA Johnson Space Center in the payload operations area of the Mission Operations Directorate.

In his capacity as payload officer in the Mission Control Center, he was responsible for payload operations on Space Shuttle missions STS-51G, 51-I, 61-B and 61-C.

Born in the United Kingdom, Foale applied and was turned down twice as an astronaut candidate.

After the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in January 1986, Foale changed his application essay from writing about his dreams to focusing on the realities of leadership faced by NASA, and was selected in 1987.

He flew on Space Shuttle missions STS-45 (1992), STS-56 (1993) and STS-63 (1995).

In the last mission, he undertook a four-hour EVA.

He was then selected for an extended mission aboard the Russian Mir space station.

Launched by STS-84 and returned by STS-86, Foale spent four months on Mir in 1997 during the Mir 23 and Mir 24 missions.

During Mir 23, the station's Spektr module was struck by a Progress resupply vessel.

Using knowledge from his physics degree Foale made calculations of how the stars were moving past his fixed-point thumb reference on a window, and was thus able to advise Russian ground control of how to stop the resulting roll.

The two Russian cosmonauts of Mir 23, Vasily Tsibliyev and Aleksandr Lazutkin were planned to conduct an intravehicular activity (IVA) to inspect the collision damage from the interior of the space station, but this IVA was actually carried out by Mir EO-24 crew.

After the Mir EO-24 crew exchange, Soyuz TM-26 with all three crew aboard was undocked, repositioned and re-docked.

Foale acted as photographer during the operation.

Foale and Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyev also conducted a six-hour EVA in Russian Orlan spacesuits to inspect exterior damage to the Spektr module.

Station damage produced significant risk to EVA suit integrity.

For his efforts, he was awarded the Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Subsequently, Mir's primary and backup oxygen generation systems failed, but these were successfully repaired by the crew.

The station also experienced computer failures and problems orientating the solar arrays at the correct angle to the Sun.

All these difficulties combined to produce what, looking back 20 years later, was arguably, the most dangerous long-duration mission for a NASA astronaut.

The problems encountered by Foale and his predecessor aboard Mir, Jerry Linenger, resulted in intense political pressure on NASA.

The final decision between the termination of NASA crewing of Mir with Foale's departure, or his scheduled replacement by David Wolf was only made by NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin the night before the launch of STS-86.

In 1999, Foale was a member of Space Shuttle mission STS-103, during which he conducted an eight-hour spacewalk to replace components of the Hubble Space Telescope.

In 2003, Foale was named commander of International Space Station Expedition 8 with cosmonaut Aleksandr Kaleri.

During their six-month tour of duty on the station, Foale and Kaleri carried out a 4-hour Russian EVA in Orlan-M space suits to install experiments outside the Service Module.

The EVA was cut short when significant amounts of water in Kaleri's helmet prevented further work.

Expedition 8 ended on 29 April 2004.

For about a year, Foale was Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration Operations at NASA HQ, Washington D.C. He then supported Soyuz and ISS operations and spacesuit development for NASA in Houston.

Until 17 April 2008, he held the record for most time spent in space by a US citizen: 374 days, 11 hours, 19 minutes, and he still holds the cumulative-time-in-space record for a British citizen.

Foale was born in Louth, Lincolnshire, to a British father, Colin, and an American mother, Mary.

He was raised in Cambridge and educated at The King's School, Canterbury.

In August 2013, it was announced that Foale was leaving the agency after a 26-year career to work on developing an electric aircraft to advance green aviation technology.

Since leaving NASA, Foale has become actively involved in the running of the International Space Schools Education Trust, especially their Mission Discovery and trips to Star City, Russia, giving unique experiences to students around the world.

Mission Discovery is held each year at the Guy's Campus at King's College London.