Michael Betancourt

Even though these films were not designed to be motion pictures themselves, they were created with templates and aerosol sprays, which produced repeating geometric patterns in the same way as the hand-painted films of Len Lye from the 1930s.

He wrote a short monograph and a large collection of short essays, pictures, and other archival material about the visual music group Lumonics composed of Mel and Dorothy Tanner of South Florida.

Most of his other visual music-related scholarships take the form of anthologies of technology patents or reprints of earlier texts on visual music machines designed for live performance.

Using psychological studies of motion perception, Betancourt argued that the motion seen in motion pictures is identical to the motion seen in paintings.

He terms this second type painterly motion and argues that the subjective viewer invents both kinds: "Unlike motion in the real world that is physically eminent, the motion we see in movies and through the technique of painterly motion is entirely a result of human perception. The motion we see does not exist outside our perception."

Work by painters Francis Bacon and Peter Paul Rubens present the type of motion effect identified by Betancourt as being psychologically the same as the real motion of actual objects in the world.

Betancourt's construction of formalism suggests a broader scope for applications of film theory than simply motion pictures since it focuses on both painting and experimental film.

This approach was developed in his book, Structuring Time: notes on making movies. He approaches the motion picture as a series of distinct, but related domains of aesthetic manipulation: camera, image, editing, projection, screen, and sound.

His construction of formalist motion pictures argues against a medium-specific definition and chooses a broad description of formal potentials instead.

Betancourt has written about glitch art as both an artist and a critic and employs glitches in his videos.

José Manuel García Perera, a Universidad de Sevilla painting professor, criticized Betancourt's work with glitch, stating:

"Michael Betancourt's video work, part of the so-called glitch art, which focuses on the failure that can occur within the digital realm, has been here the basis for a comparative study between different concepts of movement in art, as well as between a current and a past art, a comparison that allows us to see clearly how technological advances have produced radical changes in the physical, spatial and mobile nature of the artwork. Betancourt's investigation proposes a new kinetic art that becomes critical through error, mimics the real-time movement that contemporary culture demands, and uncovers the artificiality of images that mimic reality as if they wanted to replace it.'" The use of glitch art to create critical media is a focus of Betancourt's theoretical writing on glitch art.

David Finkelstein, in writing about his glitch video series Going Somewhere on Film International, stated:

"In Betancourt's hands, data moshing becomes a form of cultural resistance. Instead of utilizing the smooth, illusionistic motion of digital cinema, which you would typically see in a commercial movie theater, he deliberately pulls apart the codes and exploits its errors to deconstruct the movies and show us how they do their tricks. He pulls apart the narrative tropes of Sci-Fi at the same time that he pulls apart the pictures, pixel by pixel, creating a radically open form that resists the hypnotic myth-making of Hollywood."

In a series of articles collected as The Critique of Digital Capitalism, Betancourt criticized what he called the "immaterialism" of digital technology, specifically the claims that digital technology ends scarcity through being able to create value without expenditure, unlike the reality of limited resources, time, and expenses; it is based on denying the actual costs of access, creation, production, and maintenance of computer networks and technologies.

He sees the "aura of the digital" as both the capitalist fantasy of continuous expansion made possible by digital technology and as the anti-capitalism fantasy of a world without scarcity or needs for capitalist production.

Betancourt's concept of the "aura of information" is the separation made possible by digital technology of the information and the ways that information is carried by technology.

This idea claims the digital transcends physical form by separating meaning from the physical objects that present meaningful information to its audience.

It is the tendency to ignore the particular physical details of how we encounter information, in favor of just paying attention to the information itself.

Michael Betancourt (born 1971) is a critical theorist, film theorist, art & film historian, and animator.

His principal published works focus on the critique of digital capitalism, motion graphics, visual music, new media art, theory, and formalist study of motion pictures.

Betancourt was born in New Jersey in 1971.

He enrolled at Temple University for film studies and received an MA in Film Studies at the University of Miami, studying under film historian William Rothman.

He also received his Ph.D degree from the University of Miami in Interdisciplinary Studies, focusing on Art History, Communications/Film Studies, and History.

In addition to scholarly work, he has written popular articles and reviews on art, art theory, and culture for magazines, including The Atlantic, Make Magazine, Miami Art Exchange and Art Scene.

Betancourt's father is the archaeologist Philip P. Betancourt and his brother is the author John Gregory Betancourt.

Michael spent his summers in both Crete and Greece and worked as a photographer on his father's excavation at Pseira.

His first film exhibition was Archaeomodern, shown at the Ann Arbor Festival of Experimental Film in 1993.

In 1995, his film, a self-referential film in 30 sentences, won a Director's Citation award at the Black Maria Film Festival. Other works have screened in Art Basel Miami Beach, Contemporary Art Ruhr, Athens Video Art Festival, Festival des Cinemas Differents de Paris, Anthology Film Archives, Millennium Film Workshop, the San Francisco Cinematheque's Crossroads, and Experiments in Cinema, among others.

His video Telemetry screened as an installation during the first Athens Video Art Festival. Other installations were site-specific: as part of Art Basel Miami Beach, the Sites-Miami project in 2004, and at the South Florida Art Center's 800 Lincoln Road exhibition space as part of the Face-to-Face series in 2011.

Betancourt is both a historian and practitioner of visual music.

He exhibited his videos at visual music showcases such as the iotaCenter and SoundImageSound.

He created a system for designing abstract animations based on synesthesia that he uses in his animations.

Betancourt discovered that the inventor Mary Hallock-Greenewalt produced the earliest hand-painted films known to exist; these were used with the earliest version of her Sarabet machine that automatically synchronized colored lights with records.

The Sarabet device was an early music visualizer of the type now included with computer audio-players.

In "Immaterial Value and Scarcity in Digital Capitalism", Betancourt proposed that the illusion of a rupture between physical and virtual production posed by the aura of the digital can be observed in the political economy of the United States, most especially in the Housing Bubble that burst in 2008.

His analysis states that "Financial 'bubbles' are an inevitable result of a systemic shift focused on the generation of value through the semiotic exchange and transfer of immaterial assets."

Several features marked this economy: (1) a disassociation between the physical commodity and its representation in financial markets that is global in scope, (2) a reliance on fiat currency, (3) a financialization of the economy based on debt.

Part of this analysis is a discussion of the relationship between affective labor and what he has termed "agnotologic capitalism."

Affective labor is the enabler for the creation of the bubbles that are characteristic of the digital capitalist economy, Where the reduction of alienation is a precondition for the elimination of dissent.