Maria Simon (sociologist)

Maria Dorothea Simon (Pollatschek; 6 August 1918 – 8 March 2022) was an Austrian psychologist and scholar of social work.

Maria Dorothea Pollatschek was born into a Jewish family in Vienna on 6 August 1918, the day of the conclusion of the Second Battle of the Marne.

Her father Rudolf was a Bohemian engineer from Mnichovo Hradiště.

Her mother Juliane, who came from a family of assimilated Jews in Vienna, was the first woman to study at the Exportakademie, a university for business and economics.

Simon attended a primary school in Vienna's and later a gymnasium for daughters of civil servants.

As a student, Simon joined the socialist Zionist youth movement Hashomer Hatzair.

It was on a skiing holiday put on by the organisation in 1934 that she met her future husband, who was a member of the Austrian resistance to Nazism.

He later joined the United States Army and helped prepare the Allied landing in Normandy.

After the war, he worked as a jurist.

Simon trained to be a preschool teacher from 1934 to 1936 but did not find employment in Austria.

Because of her father's Bohemian origins, Simon held Czechoslovak citizenship and was able to move to Prague, where she continued her education at the Masarykschule für Sozial- und Gesundheitsfürsorge, an institute for social work supported by the Rockefeller Foundation.

Born into a Jewish family in Vienna near the end of the First World War, she was educated in Austria and Czechoslovakia but emigrated to London after the latter was annexed by Germany in 1938.

While in the United Kingdom, she worked at the Hampstead Nurseries, an experimental child care centre run by the psychoanalyst Anna Freud.

She was married to the jurist and resistance activist.

After a period in Denmark, Simon studied psychology in Vienna and worked as an academic in the United States.

In 1939, after Czechoslovakia was annexed by Germany, Simon emigrated to the United Kingdom, where she was supported by the Czech exile government and worked in a number of jobs, including as a maid and cleaner.

From 1940, she was employed at the Hampstead Nurseries, a war nursery run by the psychoanalysts Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud, whom Simon had met during her training in Austria.

Freud in particular was later acknowledged by Simon as a major influence on her work.

Despite being primarily founded to alleviate the need for child care in war time, the Hampstead Nurseries also specialised in the development of new techniques for the study of child psychology.

In 1941, she enrolled at the University of Oxford to study for a diploma in social work.

In 1944, she completed the course and married Joseph Simon who had also emigrated from Austria.

She joined the British Army, working as a teacher while studying economics and politics at the University of London via distance learning.

From 1945 to 1946, Simon lived with a host family in Denmark while her husband worked at the Embassy of the United States in Copenhagen.

The couple's first of four children was born during this period.

In 1946, she moved to Seattle and worked for the Jewish Family Welfare Service.

She later stated that her experience with psychoanalysis, a popular field within psychology at the time, was a decisive factor in her hiring.

Having obtained American citizenship, she returned to her native Austria in 1947, where she studied the teaching methods of the psychoanalysts August Aichhorn and Alfred Winterstein.

She began working on a doctorate in psychology at the University of Vienna, which she completed in 1952.

While living in Vienna, she worked for the American occupation forces as a labour advisor.

Since she did not find academic employment in Austria, Simon embarked on an academic career in the United States.

From 1957 to 1961 she held an assistant professorship in clinical psychology at the University of Arkansas, taught courses with the Austrian psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim at the University of Chicago, and was a guest lecturer at Hofstra University.

Having returned to Austria in 1963, she was appointed to the directorship of the Akademie für Sozialarbeit der Stadt Wien, an academy for social work in 1970.

Although she had better career prospects in the United States, Simon moved back to Austria in 1963 and joined the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna as a research assistant in sociology.

During her time at the institute, she published interdisciplinary research including on family pathology, suicide, and the living conditions of unmarried mothers.

In 1970, Simon was appointed director of the Akademie für Sozialarbeit der Stadt Wien (Academy for Social Work of the City of Vienna), which in 2001 was merged into the University of Applied Sciences Campus Vienna.

At the time of her appointment the academy suffered from low application numbers, which Simon attributed to "outdated" and " entirely inorganic" ("veralted ... und völlig unorganisch") instruction methods.

During her tenure the academy reformed Austrian social work education in accordance with contemporary professional standards.

During her tenure, which lasted until 1983, the academy reformed Austrian social work education in accordance with contemporary professional standards.

Simon is credited by the sociologist Barbara Louis with breaking "new ground for future generations [of female students]" ("für die nachfolgenden Generationen [von Studentinnen] ... wegweisend") in her field.

She lived to the age of 103 and remained involved with her subject during retirement.