Margaret Fuller

Sarah Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810 – July 19, 1850), sometimes referred to as Margaret Fuller Ossoli, was an American journalist, editor, critic, translator, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement.

She was the first American female war correspondent and full-time book reviewer in journalism.

Her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States.

Sarah Margaret Fuller was born on May 23, 1810, in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, the first child of Congressman Timothy Fuller and Margaret Crane Fuller.

She was named after her paternal grandmother and her mother, but by age nine she dropped "Sarah" and insisted on being called "Margaret."

The Margaret Fuller House, in which she was born, is still standing.

Her father taught her to read and write at the age of three and a half, shortly after the couple's second daughter, Julia Adelaide, died at 14 months old.

He offered her an education as rigorous as any boy's at the time and forbade her to read the typical feminine fare of the time, such as etiquette books and sentimental novels.

For the next eight years, he spent four to six months a year in Washington, D.C. At age ten, Fuller wrote a cryptic note which her father saved: "On 23 May 1810, was born one foredoomed to sorrow and pain, and like others to have misfortunes."

He incorporated Latin into his teaching shortly after the birth of the couple's son Eugene in May 1815, and soon Margaret was translating simple passages from Virgil.

Later in life, Margaret blamed her father's exacting love and his valuation of accuracy and precision for her childhood nightmares and sleepwalking.

During the day, Margaret spent time with her mother, who taught her household chores and sewing.

In 1817, her brother William Henry Fuller was born, and her father was elected as a representative to the United States Congress.

Fuller began her formal education at the Port School in Cambridgeport in 1819 before attending the Boston Lyceum for Young Ladies from 1821 to 1822.

In 1824, she was sent to the School for Young Ladies in Groton, on the advice of aunts and uncles, though she resisted the idea at first.

While she was there, Timothy Fuller did not run for re-election, in order to help John Quincy Adams with his presidential campaign in 1824; he hoped Adams would return the favor with a governmental appointment.

On June 17, 1825, Fuller attended the ceremony at which the American Revolutionary War hero Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument 50 years after the battle.

The 15-year-old Fuller introduced herself to Lafayette in a letter which concluded: "Should we both live, and it is possible to a female, to whom the avenues of glory are seldom accessible, I will recal my name to your recollection."

Early on, Fuller sensed herself to be a significant person and thinker.

Fuller left the Groton school after two years and returned home at 16.

At home, she studied the classics and trained herself in several modern languages and read world literature.

By this time, she realized she did not fit in with other young women her age.

She wrote, "I have felt that I was not born to the common womanly lot."

Born Sarah Margaret Fuller in Cambridge, Massachusetts, she was given a substantial early education by her father, Timothy Fuller, a lawyer who died in 1835 due to cholera.

She later had more formal schooling and became a teacher before, in 1839, she began overseeing her Conversations series: classes for women meant to compensate for their lack of access to higher education.

She became the first editor of the transcendentalist journal The Dial in 1840, which was the year her writing career started to succeed, before joining the staff of the New-York Tribune under Horace Greeley in 1844.

By the time she was in her 30s, Fuller had earned a reputation as the best-read person in New England, male or female, and became the first woman allowed to use the library at Harvard College.

Her seminal work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, was published in 1845.

A year later, she was sent to Europe for the Tribune as its first female correspondent.

She soon became involved with the revolutions in Italy and allied herself with Giuseppe Mazzini.

She had a relationship with Giovanni Ossoli, with whom she had a child.

All three members of the family died in a shipwreck off Fire Island, New York, as they were traveling to the United States in 1850.

Fuller's body was never recovered.

Fuller was an advocate of women's rights and, in particular, women's education and the right to employment.

Fuller, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, wanted to stay free of what she called the "strong mental odor" of female teachers.

She also encouraged many other reforms in society, including prison reform and the emancipation of slaves in the United States.

Many other advocates for women's rights and feminism, including Susan B. Anthony, cited Fuller as a source of inspiration.

Many of her contemporaries, however, were not supportive, including her former friend Harriet Martineau, who said that Fuller was a talker rather than an activist.

Shortly after Fuller's death, her importance faded.

The editors who prepared her letters to be published, believing that her fame would be short-lived, censored or altered much of her work before publication.