Mahmoud Taleghani

Sayyid Mahmoud Alaei Taleghani (,, also Romanized as Mahmūd Tāleqānī; 5 March 1911 – 9 September 1979) was an Iranian theologian, Muslim reformer, democracy advocate and a senior Shi'a Islamic Scholar and thinker of Iran.

and a leader in his own right of the movement against Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Taleghani was born to a religious family in the village of Galird of Taleqan County in Alborz Province on 5 March 1911.

His father Abu'l-Hasan Taleghani, who had published a magazine called Balagh in the context of the Kashf-e hijab protests at the time of Reza Shah, taught him Islamic sciences.

Taleghani continued his studies in Qom, studying the same subject at the Razaviya and Feyziyeh schools.

He obtained his Ijtihad Certification from his teachers, Abu l-Hasan Al-Isfahani and Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, there.

In 1938 he went to Tehran to preach and lecture on Islam and was arrested and imprisoned the next year for opposing the regime of Reza Shah.

From 1948 onwards he held classes at Hedayat Mosque in Tehran.

Ayatollah Taleghani had the responsibility of educating revolutionary folks from the very beginning.

He traveled abroad to Jordan and Egypt in 1951 and 1952, to the Peoples Muslim Congress in Karachi, and twice to Jerusalem as the head of an Iranian delegation to the annual Islamic Congress of Quds.

He supported Mohammed Mosaddeq's nationalization of the oil industry.

Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état that overthrew Mossaedegh and restored the Shah he was arrested and — according to the Islamic Republic's IRIB website — "accused of hiding Navvab Safavi, the founder and leader of the Fadayan-e Islam" Islamist assassination group.

Politically active from his student days, Taleghani was a veteran in the struggle against the Pahlavi regime.

He was imprisoned on several occasions over the decades, "as a young preacher, as a mid-ranking cleric, and as a senior religious leader just before the revolution," and served a total of a dozen years in prison.

In his time in prison he met many leftist political prisoners and "was particularly fond of talking about his interactions with leftists."

The influence of the left on his thinking was reflected in his famous book Islam and Ownership (Islam va Malekiyat) which argued in support of collective ownership "as if it were an article of faith in Islam."

He helped found the National Resistance Movement in 1957 and along with Mehdi Bazargan, Yadollah Sahabi and Ali Shariati he founded the Iran Freedom Movement in May 1961.

A founding member of the Freedom Movement of Iran, he has been described as a representative of the tendency of many "Shia clerics to blend Shia with Marxist ideals in order to compete with leftist movements for youthful supporters" during the 1960s and 1970s.

His "greatest influence" has been said to have been in "his teaching of Quranic exegesis," as many later revolutionaries were his students.

He was notably Tehran's first Friday Prayer Imam after the Iranian Revolution.

Between 1964 and 1978 he spent nearly a decade in jail.

Altogether he spent nearly 15 years behind bars.

In 1971 he exiled to Zabol, a city in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and then to Baft a city of Kerman Province.

Finally, Taleghani after the rise of the Islamic Revolution in November 1978 was released.

Although not as influential as Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Taleghani was instrumental in "shaping the groundswell movement" that led to the Iranian Revolution and brought Khomeini to power.

During the Islamic Revolution he became chairman of the "secretive" Revolutionary Council, Iran's chief ruling body — a fact not revealed until his death.

In order of Ayatollah Khomeini, he was the first Imam for Friday Prayer in Tehran after the fall of Iran's interim government, In the late July 1979.

Taleghani was "known for his tolerance" and "served as Khomeini's mediator in disputes with the Kurds and other dissident groups."

He also had differences with Khomeini, which led to a clash between them in April 1979.

"To popular acclaim, Taleghani warned then against a 'return to despotism.'" Two of Taleghani's sons were arrested by revolutionary Guards, but thousands of his supporters marched in the streets chanting "Taleghani, you are the soul of the revolution! Down with the reactionaries!'ì" Khomeini summoned Taleghani to Qom where he was given a severe criticism after which the press was called and told by Khomeini: "Mr. Taleghani is with us and he is sorry for what happened."

Khomeini pointedly did not refer to him as Ayatollah Taleghani.

Taleghani argued that colonization was a primary reason of totalitarianism and dictatorship in different countries.

While not an ultimate aim per se, nationalism was seen as an instrument of anti-colonialist practices.

Taleghani emphasized the resistance against Israel, and travelled many times to Palestine.

On 20 April 1979, it was broadcast on television interview by Taleghani that “The leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini is not only accepted by me but the world has accepted it.

He is the source of belief, sincerity, determination and honesty.

I have always approved of his struggles, his words and his projects.”

There is an important place for rationality in Taleghani's thought.

According to him, every judgment in Islam has a reason.

Also, Islam is seen in his sermons and writings as a religion that set up progressive rules in societal and individual life.