Linton Kwesi Johnson

Linton Kwesi Johnson OD (born 24 August 1952), also known as LKJ, is a Jamaica-born, British-based dub poet and activist.

In 1963 he and his father came to live in Brixton, London, joining his mother, who had immigrated to Britain as part of the Windrush generation shortly before Jamaican independence in 1962.

Johnson attended Tulse Hill School in Lambeth.

While still at school he joined the British Black Panther Movement, helped to organise a poetry workshop within the movement, and developed his work with Rasta Love, a group of poets and drummers.

During the early to mid-1970s he was employed as the first paid library resources and education officer at the Keskidee Centre, where his poem Voices of the living and the dead was staged, produced by Jamaican novelist Lindsay Barrett, with music by the reggae group Rasta Love.

Johnson wrote for New Musical Express, Melody Maker, and Black Music in the 1970s.

As a freelancer for Virgin Records he wrote biographies for their reggae artists, sleeve notes and copy for adverts.

Johnson studied sociology at Goldsmiths College in New Cross, London, graduating in 1973.

Johnson has recalled: "it was fantastic, you know, having written something and having it staged with actors and musicians. That was back in 1973 before I had a poem published anywhere. That was before anyone had ever heard of Linton Kwesi Johnson."

Johnson's poems first appeared in the journal Race Today, which published his first collection of poetry, Voices of the Living and the Dead, in 1974.

Dread Beat An' Blood, his second collection, was published in 1975 by Bogle-L'Ouverture.

A collection of his poems has been published as Mi Revalueshanary Fren by Penguin Modern Classics.

Johnson is one of only three living poets to be published by Penguin Modern Classics.

Johnson's essays, spanning 50 years (1976-2021), are collected in the volume Time Come (Picador, 2023).

As described by Colin Grant, "The writing is often flinty and flecked with passion; taut and reasoned, but on the edge of fury. ...the grace and power of LKJ's writing are as necessary as ever."

Reviewing it in the Sunday Times, Tomiwa Owolade concludes: "this volume emphasises the fact that Johnson is a dedicated cultural critic rather than simply an activist who happens to write dub poetry."

Johnson received a C. Day-Lewis Fellowship in 1977, and that year became writer-in-residence for the London Borough of Lambeth.

Johnson's best-known albums include his debut Dread Beat an' Blood (1978), Forces of Victory (1979), Bass Culture (1980), LKJ in Dub (1980), and Making History (1983).

Across them are spread classics of the dub poetry school of performance – and of reggae itself – such as "Dread Beat An' Blood", "Sonny's Lettah", "Inglan Is A Bitch", "Independent Intavenshan" and "All Wi Doin Is Defendin".

His poem Di Great Insohreckshan is his response to the 1981 Brixton riots.

Johnson's record label LKJ Records, launched in 1981, is home to other reggae artists, some of whom made up the Dub Band, with whom Johnson mostly recorded, and other dub poets, such as Jean "Binta" Breeze.

Past releases on the label include recordings by Mikey Smith.

Johnson wrote "Reggae fi Dada" on the death of his father in 1982, blaming social conditions.

His most celebrated poems were written during the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

The poems contain graphic accounts of the racist police brutality occurring at the time (cf. "Sonny's Lettah").

Johnson's poetry makes clever use of the unstandardised transcription of Jamaican patois.

He was made an Associate Fellow of Warwick University in 1985 and an Honorary Fellow of Wolverhampton Polytechnic in 1987, and in 1990 received an award at the XIII Premio Internazionale Ultimo Novecento from the city of Pisa for his contribution to poetry and popular music.

In 1998 he was awarded the Premio Piero Ciampi Citta di Livorno Concorso Musicale Nazionale in Italy.

In 2002, he became the second living poet, and the only black one, to be published in the Penguin Modern Classics series.

His performance poetry involves the recitation of his own verse in Jamaican patois over dub-reggae, usually written in collaboration with reggae producer/artist Dennis Bovell.

Johnson was born in Chapelton, a small town in the rural parish of Clarendon, Jamaica.

His middle name, "Kwesi", is a Ghanaian name that is given to boys who, like Johnson, are born on a Sunday.

In 2003, Johnson was bestowed with an honorary fellowship from his alma mater, Goldsmiths College, University of London.

In 2004 he became an Honorary Visiting Professor of Middlesex University in London.

In 2005 he was awarded a silver Musgrave Medal from the Institute of Jamaica for distinguished eminence in the field of poetry.

The work was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 programme in 2007.

Johnson's work, allied to the Jamaican "toasting" tradition, is regarded as an essential precursor of rap.

Most of Johnson's poetry is political, dealing mainly with the experiences of being an African-Caribbean in Britain: "Writing was a political act and poetry was a cultural weapon...", he told an interviewer in 2008.

However, he has also written about other issues, such as British foreign policy and the death of anti-racist marcher Blair Peach.

Speaking in a 2018 interview about his start as a poet, he said: "I began to write verse, not only because I liked it, but because it was a way of expressing the anger, the passion of the youth of my generation in terms of our struggle against racial oppression. Poetry was a cultural weapon in the black liberation struggle, so that's how it began."