Kurt Gerstein

Kurt Gerstein (11 August 1905 – 25 July 1945) was a German SS officer and head of technical disinfection services of the Hygiene-Institut der Waffen-SS (Institute for Hygiene of the Waffen-SS).

After witnessing mass murders in the Belzec and Treblinka Nazi extermination camps, Gerstein gave a detailed report to Swedish diplomat Göran von Otter, as well as to Swiss diplomats, members of the Roman Catholic Church with contacts to Pope Pius XII, and to the Dutch government-in-exile, in an effort to inform the international community about the Holocaust as it was happening.

Kurt Gerstein was born in Münster, Westphalia, on 11 August 1905, the sixth of seven children in a Prussian middle-class family that was described as strongly chauvinistic and "totally compliant to authority".

His father, Ludwig, a former Prussian officer, was a judge and an authoritarian figure who proudly proclaimed that in his family's genealogical tree there was only Aryan blood and exhorted generations to "preserve the purity of the race!"

From 1925 onwards, he became active in Christian student and youth movements and joined the German Association of Christian Students (DCSV) in 1925.

In 1928, he became an active member of both the Evangelical Youth Movement (CVJM-YMCA) and the Federation of German Bible Circles, where he took a leading role until it was dissolved in 1934 after a takeover attempt by the Hitler Youth movement.

His religious faith caused conflict with the Nazis, and he spent time in prison and concentration camps in the late 1930s.

Like many others of his generation, Gerstein and his family were deeply affected by what they saw as the humiliation of Germany by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and so were attracted by the extreme nationalism of the Nazi Party.

Going directly on to study at the University of Marburg for three semesters, he then transferred to the technical universities in Aachen and Berlin/Charlottenburg where he graduated in 1931 as a mining engineer.

While he was at Marburg, he joined, at his father's request, the Teutonia, "one of the most nationalistic student associations in Germany".

While he was uncomfortable with the frivolity of the fraternity students, he did not seem to mind their ultranationalism.

In July 1933, he enrolled in the SA, the original stormtroopers of the Nazi Party.

Friedlander describes the contradictions in Gerstein's mind at the time: "Firm defense of religious concepts and of the honour of the Confessional youth movements, but weakness in the face of National Socialism, with acceptance of its terminology and shoddy rhetoric; acceptance, above all, of the existing political order, of its authoritarianism and its hysterical nationalism".

At first finding a religious home within the Protestant Evangelical Church, he gravitated toward the Confessing Church, which formed itself around Pastor Martin Niemöller in 1934, as a form of protest against attempts by the Nazis to exercise increasing control over German Protestants.

However, in early 1935, he stood up in a theater during a performance of the play Wittekind and vocally protested against its anti-Christian message.

In response, he was attacked and beaten by Nazi Party members in the audience.

In 1936, he moved to Tübingen where he started studying medicine at the University of Tübingen and lived with his wife, Elfriede.

Although his family was not particularly religious, Gerstein received Christian religious training in school.

At university, almost as an antidote to what he saw as the frivolous activities of his classmates, he began to read the Bible.

On 4 September 1936, Gerstein was arrested for distributing anti-Nazi material, held in protective custody for five weeks and ultimately expelled from the Nazi Party.

The loss of membership meant he was unable to find employment as a mining engineer in the state sector.

Kurt Gerstein married Elfriede Bensch, a pastor's daughter, on 31 August 1937.

They had a daughter, Adelheid.

Kurt was no more tolerant of discipline in secondary school than within the family.

However, in spite of earning many bad reports, he managed to graduate at the age of 20.

He was arrested a second time in July 1938 but was released six weeks later since no charges were filed against him.

With the help of his father and some powerful party and SS officials, he continued to seek reinstatement in the Nazi Party until June 1939, when he obtained a provisional membership.

In early 1941, Gerstein enlisted in the SS.

Explanations are varied and conflicting.

One document indicates that it was the result of his outrage over the death of a sister-in-law, who apparently was murdered under the "euthanasia" program Action T4, directed at the mentally ill.

Other documents suggest he had already made his decision before she was murdered and that her death reinforced his desire to join the SS to "see things from the inside", try to change the direction of its policies and publicize the crimes that were being committed.

Browning describes him as "a covert anti-Nazi who infiltrated the SS", and in a letter to his wife, Gerstein wrote: "I joined the SS... acting as an agent of the Confessing Church."

Because of his technical education, Gerstein quickly rose to become head of technical disinfection services and worked with Odilo Globocnik and Christian Wirth on the technical aspects of mass murder in the extermination camps.

He supplied hydrogen cyanide (Zyklon B) to Rudolf Höss in Auschwitz from the Degesch company (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung Vermin-Combating Corporation") and conducted the negotiations with the owners. On 17 August 1942, together with Rolf Günther and Wilhelm Pfannenstiel, Gerstein witnessed at Belzec the gassing of some 3,000 Jews who had arrived by train from Lwow. The next day, he went to Treblinka, which had similar facilities, and he observed huge mounds of clothing and underwear, which had been removed from the victims. At the time, motor exhaust gases were used for mass murder in both extermination camps.

Several days later, he had a chance encounter on the Warsaw-to-Berlin train with the Swedish diplomat Göran von Otter, who was stationed in Berlin.

In a conversation that lasted several hours, he told the diplomat what he had seen and urged him to spread the information internationally.

Von Otter talked with high-ranking officials at the Swedish Foreign Ministry, but Gerstein's revelations were never passed on to the Allies or to any other government.

As late as 1944, he wrote to Kurt: "You are a soldier and an official and you must obey the orders of your superiors. The person who bears the responsibility is the man who gives the orders, not the one who carries them out".

In 1945, following his surrender, he wrote the Gerstein Report covering his experience of the Holocaust.

He died of an alleged suicide while in French custody.