Ko Un

Ko Un (고은; born 1 August 1933) is a South Korean poet whose works have been translated and published in more than fifteen countries.

He had been imprisoned many times due to his role in the campaign for Korean democracy and was later mentioned in Korea as one of the front runners for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ko Un, born Ko Untae in 1933, was the first child of a peasant family living in Gunsan, North Jeolla Province.

During a time when the national culture was being suppressed under the Japanese occupation, his grandfather taught him to read and write in Korean.

He had also learned Chinese by the age of 8.

When he was 12, he found by chance a book of poems by Han Ha-un, a nomadic Korean poet with leprosy, and was so impressed that he began writing himself.

He is also chairman of a joint North-South project to compose a Pan-Korean Dictionary covering all the different forms of the language spoken today, involving dozens of scholars from both sides of the 38th Parallel.

Ko was still a teenager studying at Gunsan Middle School when the Korean War broke out in 1950.

Many of his relatives and friends died and during it he was forced to work as a grave digger.

He became so traumatized that he even poured acid into his ear to shut out the war’s noise, leaving him deaf in one ear.

Then in 1952 Ko decided to become a Buddhist monk.

After a decade of this life, during which he published his first collection of poems, Otherworld Sensibility (Pian Kamsang, 1960), and his first novel, Cherry Tree in Another World (Pain Aeng, 1961), he chose to return to the lay life.

From 1963 to 1966 he lived on the remote island of Jeju Province, where he set up a charity school, and then moved back to Seoul.

However, dependent on alcohol and not at peace, he attempted to poison himself in 1970.

Another chance discovery changed this negative state.

Picking up a newspaper by chance from the floor of a bar, Ko read about Jeon Tae-il, a young textile-worker who set himself alight during a demonstration in support of workers' rights.

Inspired, he lost all inclination to kill himself and turned to social activism.

After the South Korean government attempted to curb democracy by putting forward the Yusin Constitution in late 1972, he became very active in the democracy movement and led efforts to improve the political situation.

In 1974 he established the Association of Writers for Practical Freedom and that same year became a representative of the National Association for the Recovery of Democracy.

In 1978 he became vice-chairman of the Korean Association of Human Rights, and vice-chairman of the Association of National Unity in 1979.

As a result of these activities, Ko was sent to prison three times, during which he was beaten up and tortured.

One of those beatings in 1979 impaired his hearing even further.

In May 1980, during the coup d'état led by Chun Doo-hwan, Ko was accused of treason and sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, although he was released in August 1982 as part of a general pardon.

Life now became quieter and in 1983 Ko Un married Lee Sang-Wha, a professor of English Literature, who was eventually to become co-translator of several of his books.

Having moved to Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, he now devoted his energies to a prolific writing career but remained as active an organizer as ever.

He was elected chairman of the Association of Korean Artists (1989–90) and president of the Association of Writers for National Literature (1992–93).

Ko was not issued with a passport until 1990, when he was at last able to take his place abroad as a leading representative of Korean poetry.

He served as a delegate in the Committee of National Liberation in 1995.

In 2000 he visited North Korea as one of the special delegates for the Inter-Korean summit and this resulted in his volume of poems South and North (2000).

In the years since then he has made many other visits to North Korea.

From 2007, he served as a visiting scholar in Seoul National University, where he gave lectures on poetry and literature.

Since 2010, he was associated with the International Center for Creative Writing at Dankook University.

Early in 2013, he was invited to stay for one semester and give several special lectures at the Ca’Foscari University of Venice, Italy, where he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship.

On his return to Korea, he moved house from Ansong to Suwon, south of Seoul.

In 2014, he was appointed Goodwill Ambassador for Peace by the Korean National Commission for UNESCO.

In a poem that translates as "The Beast" or "Monster", published in the Korean literary magazine Hwanghae Literature in December 2017, poet Choe Yeongmi accused "En", a fictional character whose biographical details match those of Ko Un, of gross sexual misconduct.

Other women in the South Korean literary community have afterwards accused Ko of decades of such conduct and allegedly using his power to coerce other vulnerable writers into sexual relations.

Debate has followed, including leading to removing Ko's poems from South Korean textbooks.

After the controversy, Ko left public life in South Korea but has since been active internationally.

In February 2018, Ko's legacy came under fire.