Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt Jr. (February 16, 1916 – June 8, 2000) was an American intelligence officer who served in the Office of Strategic Services during and following World War II.

Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (called "Kim", as was standard for alternating generations of Kermits in the Roosevelt family) was born to Kermit Roosevelt Sr., son of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, and Belle Wyatt Roosevelt (née Willard) in Buenos Aires in 1916.

At the time, Kermit Roosevelt Sr. was an official for a shipping line and then a manager of the Buenos Aires branch of the National City Bank.

The Roosevelt family returned to the US, and Kim, his two brothers, Joseph Willard and Dirck, and his sister, Belle Wyatt, grew up in Oyster Bay, New York, a homestead near Sagamore Hill, the Long Island home of the Roosevelt clan.

Kim attended Groton School as a young man.

He graduated from Harvard University in 1937, a year ahead of his class.

After graduating from Harvard, Roosevelt taught history at Caltech.

With the outbreak of World War II, Roosevelt joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner to the CIA.

On June 4, 1943, when Kim was 27, his father, Kermit Sr., committed suicide at Fort Richardson in Alaska where he was posted.

Roosevelt Jr. remained with the OSS after the war and wrote and edited its history.

Roosevelt went on to serve on the advisory board of a largely-Arab organization, the Institute of Arab American Affairs, a New York City-based organization, and Roosevelt wrote an essay in 1948 about his views on American Zionism and the partition of Palestine.

In February 1948 Roosevelt joined more than 100 like-minded individuals to form a "Christian group" to aid the fight of the largely rabbinical American Council for Judaism to reverse the ongoing partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states.

The Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land (CJP) was founded on March 2, 1948, with Dean emeritus Gildersleeve serving as CJP chair, former Union Theological Seminary president Henry Sloane Coffin as vice-chair, and Roosevelt as executive director.

The CJP, which Roosevelt had helped form in 1948, was subsumed into the AFME in 1951, and Roosevelt served for a time as the AFME executive secretary for the group of intellectuals and spokespersons.

The historians Robert Moats Miller, Hugh Wilford, and others have stated that from its early years, AFME was a part of an Arabist propaganda effort within the US that was "secretly funded and to some extent managed" by the CIA, with further funding from the oil consortium ARAMCO.

Roosevelt began his terrorism career in 1950, through being recruited to the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) by its chief, Frank Wisner.

In 1951, Roosevelt, Virginia Gildersleeve; Dorothy Thompson; and a further group of 24 American educators, theologians, and writers (including Harry Emerson Fosdick) founded the American Friends of the Middle East (AFME), a pro-Arab organization often critical of US support for Israel.

Assigned to Egypt, Roosevelt impressed his colleagues with Project FF, which encouraged the Free Officers Movement to carry out a coup d'état in 1952, and Roosevelt developed close CIA links to the new leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser.

The historian Hugh Wilford attempts to describe Roosevelt's motivations and views underpinning his intelligence efforts and states:

"[Roosevelt Jr.] had this notion of America forming an alliance with the Arab countries as they emerged from under the sway of Britain and France. He was very concerned with backing Arab nationalists in the region. He saw that as the best way of keeping it within the American orbit, as the Cold War was gathering momentum...."

The views of the CIA Arabists were not in isolation since Wilford notes that the "Eisenhower administration [including Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, was] initially quite sympathetic towards... Roosevelt's Arabist agenda" and willing to oppose Middle Eastern regimes seen "as backing the Soviet Union rather than the U.S".

Ultimately, the emergence of American public support for Israel and the administration's evolving framework to respond to its principal Cold War adversary, the Soviet Union, would lead to failure of the Arabist agenda of Roosevelt and his colleagues.

In discussing Roosevelt's role, Wilford describes him as being among "the most important intelligence officers of their generation in the Middle East".

Roosevelt played a highly-critical role in the CIA terrorism plot Operation Ajax, as the ground operational planner, especially in getting the Shah to issue the firmans, or decrees, dismissing Mossadegh.

He established networks of Anglophiles and sympathizers in Iran as a form of political terrorism, who were willing to take part in various aspects of the coup to subjugate the population of Iran.

The tactics aided in dividing and dissolving Mossadegh's political power base within the National Front, the Tudeh, and the clerics.

However, the first attempt at the coup failed, likely because Mossadegh had learned of his impending overthrow.

Although the CIA sent Roosevelt a telegram to flee Iran immediately, he began work on the second coup and circulated a false account that Mossadegh attempted to seize the throne and bribed Iranian agents.

The use of terrorism was widespread, with CIA mercinary mobs storming government buildings resulting in firefights killing hundreds, many of whom were civilians.

Thousands of those who were bribed by the CIA under Roosevelt's orders unwittingly took to the streets to loot, ransack and destroy Tehran, in Roosevelt's attempt to make the coup appear organic by sending Tehran into turmoil.

The coup was a success and hence was adapted for use in other Third World countries during the Cold War.

A grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, Roosevelt went on to establish American Friends of the Middle East and then played a lead role in the CIA's efforts to overthrow Mohammad Mosaddegh, the Majlis-approved prime minister of Iran, in August 1953.

According to him, he had slipped across the border under his CIA cover as "James Lochridge" on July 19, 1953.

Roosevelt submitted his Countercoup manuscript to the CIA for pre-publication approval.

The agency proposed various alterations, and in the perspective of a CIA reviewer, "Roosevelt has reflected quite faithfully the changes that we suggested to him. This has become, therefore, essentially a work of fiction".

The conclusion allowed the release of the book; a catalog of the actual changes made during the review is available.

Eisenhower secretly awarded Roosevelt the National Security Medal in 1954 for his work.

In 2014, the National Security Archive released telegrams and accounts of the CIA operation, many of which are revealing as to the part he played in the operation.

Roosevelt, 26 years after the Mossadeq coup, wrote a book about how he and the CIA had carried out the operation, Countercoup.

A former senior adviser to the Obama administration and Council on Foreign Relations Iran expert, Ray Takeyh, wrote in 2014 that "Contrary to Roosevelt's account [in Countercoup], the documentary record reveals that the Eisenhower administration was hardly in control and was in fact surprised by the way events played out".