José Serra

José Serra Chirico (born 19 March 1942) is a Brazilian politician who has served as a Congressman, Senator, Minister of Planning, Minister of Health, Mayor of São Paulo, Governor of São Paulo state, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.

José Serra was born in the São Paulo neighbourhood of Mooca to Francesco Serra, an Italian immigrant from Corigliano Calabro, Calabria, and Serafina Chirico, a Brazilian born to Italian parents.

Serra comes from a lower middle class family.

His father was semi-illiterate and worked as a fruit vendor in a market of São Paulo, but he was able to enroll his only child in college.

In the early 1960s, he was a prominent member of the socio-political movement Ação Popular which opposed the conservative political system that existed at the time.

Serra interrupted his studies in engineering at age 22 and left the country in 1964, after the coup that established the military government in Brazil.

Serra came to the attention of the authorities having served as President of the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), (National Student Union) which opposed the existing conservative regime while he was a 4th year engineering student at the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo.

José Serra was in exile from 1964 to 1978 in Bolivia, France, Chile, and the United States.

In Chile, he did his master's degree in Economics and taught economics at the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile).

There he also married Monica Allende (1967), then a top ballerina at the National Ballet of Chile.

They had two children, Veronica (1969) and Luciano (1973).

In the United States José Serra was awarded a Masters and Ph.D. in economics at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) and later spent 2 years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ.

On returning to Brazil after the political amnesty in 1978, Serra lectured in economics at the University of Campinas, did research for Cebrap, and wrote for the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo.

In 1982 he was appointed São Paulo's State Secretary for Economics and Planning under Franco Montoro's governorship, and became an influential secretary of Montoro's government.

In 1986 and 1990 he was elected and then reelected to Congress.

His first bid for the mayorship of the City of São Paulo came in 1988 in an election won for the Worker's Party (PT) by Luiza Erundina.

In every elections since 1988 Serra represented the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), which he helped found in 1988 alongside former and future São Paulo State governors Franco Montoro and Mario Covas and future Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso, from a split in the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).

PSDB was seen as a coalition of democrats, liberals and social democrats with more centrist outlook than the leftist Workers' Party (PT) of presidents Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff.

In 1994 he was elected Senator for the State of São Paulo with more than 6.5 million votes.

Both parties have great support in São Paulo state, but the state has been governed by the PSDB since 1994.

Serra came to political prominence under Fernando Henrique Cardoso's presidency (1994–2002), when he was appointed minister of planning, and later minister of health.

During Serra's tenure in the Health Ministry, the generic drug industry, which gave wider access to medicines to a poor population, and ANVISA, the Brazilian food and drug regulatory agency, were both created.

All forms of tobacco advertising were banned, and cigarette packages were required to display images of smoking-related diseases.

He ran again in 1996, resigning as Minister of Planning to participate in the election for mayor, which was won by Celso Pitta.

Pitta was the designated successor of mayor Paulo Maluf, who headed the right-wing populist Progressive Party (PP).

After another stint as minister in the federal government, Serra ran for president on behalf of the PSDB party in 2002.

He was beaten by four-time candidate and PT founder Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the second round.

Serra was elected mayor of São Paulo in 2004, defeating incumbent Marta Suplicy in the second round.

Serra created the Virada Cultural, a 24-hour cultural festival inspired by the French Nuit Blanche.

He also established the Bilhete Único system in the São Paulo Metro subway system.

Serra sought nomination as the PSDB candidate for president in the 2006 elections, but on March 14, 2006, decided to run instead for governor of the state of São Paulo.

He resigned as mayor of São Paulo, although he had signed a pledge to finish his four-year term.

Serra won the governor's race and on January 1, 2007, took office as the Governor of São Paulo State.

Cases of corruption and cartel formation involving José Serra are relatively old, both in Brazil and abroad.

Two interlinked controversies:

Serra's campaign was supported by American oil companies such as ExxonMobil and Chevron.

He secretly promised to sell the rights to Brazil's newest petroleum discoveries in the pre-salt layer to those companies, reversing the model of da Silva.

Serra ended state-owned oil company Petrobras' role as the chief operator of the pre-salt oil fields, which have an estimated value of three trillion dollars – twice the size of Brazil's gross domestic product (GDP).

WikiLeaks released several documents showing that Serra promised protection to Chevron in order to transfer control from Petrobras in case of election victory.

Gilberto Kassab, the deputy mayor, took office and remained the mayor until 2012.