John Gwilym Jones

John Gwilym Jones (27 September 1904 – 16 October 1988) was a Welsh dramatist, novelist, short-story writer, drama director, academic and critic, considered a pre-eminent figure in those fields.

Jones was born John William Jones on 27 September 1904 in the village of Groeslon, near Caernarfon in north Wales, the only child of Griffith Thomas Jones, a stonemason, and his wife Jane.

He was to live in Groeslon for the greater part of his life.

While working in London in the 1920s Jones developed an interest in drama and became an avid West End theatregoer.

He was schooled in Penfforddelen (near Groeslon) and Penygroes, and matriculated at University College of North Wales in 1922.

There the scholar Ifor Williams persuaded him to change his middle name to Gwilym.

In 1926 Jones moved to London to take up a teaching post, then returned to Wales to teach in Llandudno (1930–1944), Pwllheli (1944–1948) and Penygroes (1948–1949).

He turned to writing plays, the first two of which to be published were Y Brodyr (1934) and Diofal yw Dim (1942).

Y Dewis (1942) was Jones's first published novel.

It was followed in 1946 by his acclaimed volume of short stories Y Goeden Eirin (translated in 2004 as The Plum Tree and Other Short Prose), which has been called "a milestone in the development of the Welsh short story" for its introduction of Freudianism and stream-of-consciousness narrative to Welsh literature.

From 1949 to 1953 he worked for the BBC in Bangor as a producer of radio plays.

In 1953 he took up a post as lecturer, later reader, in the Welsh Department of his old college in Bangor, before finally retiring from academic life in 1971.

Two years later the University of Wales awarded him an honorary D.Litt. He was an eminent and influential critic, publishing studies on, among other subjects, Daniel Owen, William Williams Pantycelyn, and the arts of writing and criticism.

In 1958 he published two linked plays under the title Lle Mynno'r Gwynt a Gŵr Llonydd, and in 1963 Y Tad a'r Mab, a technically experimental play treating of obsessional family love.

He also helped to start up Theatr Fach Eryri, one of the more influential Welsh theatre companies of the 1960s.

As a drama director working with this and other amateur companies he is said to have been very accomplished in drawing out excellent performances from inexperienced actors.

In particular, he is widely acknowledged to be one of the two greatest 20th-century Welsh playwrights, along with Saunders Lewis; of his many plays, Hanes Rhyw Gymro (1964), Ac Eto Nid Myfi (1976) and Yr Adduned (1979) are considered masterpieces.

Almost all of his work was written in the Welsh language.

A writer in the modernist tradition, he is credited with introducing Brechtian techniques, stream-of-consciousness narrative and Freudianism to Welsh literature.

Creative writers such as Kate Roberts and John Rowlands owed him a profound debt, and a whole generation of critics were influenced by his work as a teacher of Welsh literature.

Hanes Rhyw Gymro (1964), Jones's only historical drama, dealt with the 17th-century Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd.

Cilwg yn Ôl (1965) is a translation of John Osborne's Look Back in Anger, one of many plays he rendered into Welsh.

Some of his own shorter plays were originally intended for radio or television; they are collected in Pedair Drama (1971).

Three one-act plays by Jones were published as Rhyfedd y'n Gwnaed in 1976, and in Jones's own English translation, One Wedding, Two Rooms, Three Friends, were successfully produced off-Broadway by the Manhattan Theatre Club.

Ac Eto Nid Myfi (1976) has been described as "a masterpiece of the modern Welsh theatre", containing "the quintessence of his philosophy and skill as a dramatist"; its theme is the necessity of every man to come to terms with his environment and culture, the factors which have created him.

His final play was Yr Adduned (1979).

Jones was a keen observer of advances in the techniques of contemporary European theatre.

He was the first Welsh-language dramatist to entirely reject naturalistic staging and to use alienation techniques.

His plays display his understanding of the common people of his native Arfon, and of their ways of thinking and speaking.

His characters are generally intelligent, literate and self-aware.

His second novel, Tri Diwrnod ac Angladd (1979), is said to be the more impressive of the two.

It deals with the complications of family life, and makes much use of symbolism.

All are in Welsh unless otherwise stated.