John Aspinwall Roosevelt

John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (March 13, 1916 – April 27, 1981) was an American businessman and the sixth and last child of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt.

John Aspinwall Roosevelt II was the youngest child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.

His surviving siblings were Anna E. Roosevelt, James Roosevelt II, Elliott Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Roosevelt grew up on the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York and attended preparatory schools The Buckley School and Groton School.

Roosevelt and his next oldest sibling, Franklin Jr., were much closer to their mother than the three older Roosevelt children had been.

This was in part because by the time they were born, she was more comfortable in her role as a parent.

However, others contend that as a result of his father's disability, "John had grown up with less emotional connection with his parents than any of the others."

By family consensus, Roosevelt was the son least like his father, which reflected itself politically as well as in many other aspects.

James Roosevelt wrote that he "had the smoothest, least exciting life of all of us."

"The youngest, he was also the least close to father."

And, he was "the most thoughtful and businesslike of us."

He was five years old when his father Franklin Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness that confined him in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.

Conscious of her husband's disability and determined that the younger children should not miss out on the sports and physical activities that their older siblings had enjoyed, Eleanor Roosevelt learned to swim and skate.

She also took John and Franklin Jr. camping and to Europe.

In 1937, John Roosevelt was involved in a drunken brawl and an attack on the mayor in Cannes that made headlines across the world.

Of John Roosevelt's activities before World War II, a Roosevelt biographer noted: "When he was a junior at Harvard, FDR got him a summer job working in the forests of Tennessee for the Tennessee Valley Authority. At the end of the experience, his supervisor felt compelled to write Eleanor to say that her youngest son seemed to believe in 'the psychology of making one's way by influence and association rather than by hard work and personal achievement.'" However, most biographers agree that this judgment was actually far more appropriate for the other sons.

However, his department store work was under the wing and direction of Walter Kirschner, a Roosevelt family friend who mentored and subsidized many of the siblings in the 1940s.

After graduation from Harvard, his father's alma mater, John worked at Filene's Department Store in Boston until America entered World War II in 1941.

On the eve of World War II, alone among the sons, John Roosevelt announced that he would seek conscientious objector status.

Family persuasion ultimately changed his mind, and he served in the United States Navy.

He was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy in early 1941 and served until 1946.

James Roosevelt summarized his brother's service:

"John was the only one of us who had no opportunity to lead a fighting unit, yet he, too, served under fire. Assigned as a lieutenant in the Navy Supply Corps, he persuaded father to get him transferred from shore to sea duty. He served aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-18) in the war zone, winning the Bronze Star and promotion to lieutenant commander for his actions while his ship was being gunned."

After the war, Roosevelt pursued a business career in California as the Regional Merchandising Manager for Grayson & Robertson Stores in Los Angeles.

In 1947, John Roosevelt changed his political affiliation to Republican, a gesture his mother interpreted as an attempt to win support from his wife's family, his father-in-law being a staunchly Republican Boston banker.

He was also involved with Elliott Roosevelt in several businesses, especially in Cuba after Fulgencio Batista took power in 1952.

Roosevelt represented François "Papa Doc" Duvalier in the United States and attended his inauguration.

But in 1952, he went beyond paper registration, actively supporting Dwight D. Eisenhower's bid for the Presidency against Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson, for whom his mother was just as actively campaigning.

His defection from the Democratic Party and his subsequent leadership of Citizens for Eisenhower – he vocally defended Eisenhower's running mate, California Senator Richard Nixon, against attacks by his mother – caused considerable family friction.

The tension was exacerbated when Roosevelt and his family moved into Stone Cottage next door to Eleanor Roosevelt's home at Val-Kill that same year.

He and his brother, Elliott, who lived at nearby Top Cottage, did not get along.

Elliott left shortly after John and his family arrived.

John subsequently acquired what remained of the Hyde Park property Elliott had farmed with Eleanor Roosevelt.

In 1953, he became a partner in a Beverly Hills financial company but left shortly thereafter to take up residence in the family compound in Hyde Park.

Unlike his siblings, Roosevelt intended to "work his way up" without seeking to profit from his name and connections.

By 1958, it was reported that Haiti "has retained the P.R. firm of Roosevelt, Summers and Hamilton at a fee of $150,000 to act as its public relations consultant for one year."

Although he never pursued political office, Roosevelt served on the boards of many organizations, including the Greater New York Council of Boy Scouts of America, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship, Roosevelt University, the State University of New York, and the Governmental Affairs Committee.

Although Roosevelt leaned Republican at an early age, he deliberately kept an apolitical stance until after his father's death.

More importantly, the presence of John and his family enabled Eleanor Roosevelt to live at Val-Kill until her death in 1962.

She saw John's children often and was particularly close to his daughter, Sara "Sally" Roosevelt.

After Eleanor Roosevelt's death, John kept the papers from her Hyde Park home and New York City apartment.