Jean-Christophe Lafaille

Jean-Christophe Lafaille (31 March 1965 – 27 January 2006 [presumed]) was a French climber noted for a number of difficult ascents in the Alps and Himalaya, and for what has been described as "perhaps the finest self-rescue ever performed in the Himalaya", when he was forced to descend the mile-high south face of Annapurna alone with a broken arm, after his climbing partner had been killed in a fall.

He climbed eleven of the fourteen eight-thousanders, many of them alone or by previously unclimbed routes, but disappeared during a solo attempt to make the first winter ascent of Makalu, the world's fifth highest mountain.

Born in Gap, Hautes-Alpes, Lafaille's background was in sport climbing, and as a teenager he climbed extensively at Céüse and played a part in turning it into one of the world's best known climbing venues.

In 1989 he became the first Frenchman to solo a climb graded 7c+, and one of the first to climb 8c graded routes.

In the early 1990s, Lafaille qualified as a mountain guide and began mountaineering in the Alps.

He made a number of difficult ascents on the Mont Blanc massif, including the first solo climb of Divine Providence on the Grand Pilier d'Angle, one of the hardest routes on the massif.

On the strength of his climbs in the Alps, Lafaille was invited on an expedition to Annapurna by Pierre Béghin, one of the leading French climbers of the day.

The pair attempted the mountain's vast South Face following the monsoon season in October 1992 in Alpine style, with no Sherpa support, pre-stocked campsites or fixed ropes on the upper mountain.

They had reached a height of 7,400 metres when bad weather forced them to descend.

The pair made a series of abseils down the face, but due to their lightweight approach they had little protective equipment and were often forced to abseil from a single piece of protection to conserve equipment.

On the fourth or fifth abseil, Béghin fell to his death when the single cam he was using as an anchor became dislodged from the rock.

Béghin had been carrying most of the pair's technical equipment, including all the ropes, and Lafaille was left alone on the face, a vertical mile above safety.

With great difficulty, Lafaille managed to climb down the 75 degree face to the pair's last bivouac site, where he found 20 metres of thin rope, allowing him to make short abseils down some of the hardest parts.

With no technical equipment to use as anchors he was forced to entrust his weight to tent pegs or, on one occasion, a plastic bottle.

He finally reached what should have been the relative safety of the top of a fixed rope which he and Beghin had installed on a steep rock band, but almost immediately he was struck by a falling rock, which broke his right arm.

Disabled and helpless, he lay on a ledge for two days in the hope that other climbers would rescue him.

However, while there was a Slovenian team attempting a route on a different part of the South Face, they judged that a rescue attempt would be too dangerous to undertake, so help never came.

The cruelest thing about the ordeal, Lafaille said, was being able to see life in the valley below, and by night, the flashbulbs of trekkers' cameras.

In spite of this, he later agreed that the Slovenians had made the right decision in not trying to save him.

Eventually, with all hope of rescue gone, Lafaille resolved to continue down alone.

He initially tried to continue abseiling, but unable to control the rope with only one hand and his teeth he reverted to downclimbing one-handed, and was utterly exhausted when he reached the Slovenian team's base camp.

By that time the climbers at the base of the mountain had given up hope for him, and his first wife, Véronique, had already been told that he had died.

Reinhold Messner later said that the survival instinct he showed was of the sort which defines the best mountaineers.

After Annapurna, Lafaille resolved never to climb again, but during his long physical and psychological recovery he began scrambling in the foothills of the Alps, and eventually returned to extreme climbing.

In the Alps he carried out an enchainment of nine north faces in fifteen days, skiing from mountain to mountain, and made the first ascent of the Lafaille Route on the Petit Dru, which at the time was considered the hardest route in the Alps, but his most important climbs were in the Himalaya.

A year after his accident on Annapurna, he climbed Cho Oyu, and then in 1994 he climbed a new route, solo, on the north face of Shishapangma.

It was the first of many solo ascents of 8000 meter peaks, including consecutive ascents of Gasherbrum I and Gasherbrum II in four days in 1996, and Manaslu in 2001.

Annapurna remained an obsession for Lafaille, and he would later call his autobiography Prisoner of Annapurna.

He returned to the mountain three times.

The first time he made a solo attempt on the British line on the South Face, which failed due to poor snow conditions.

In 1998 he returned to the same route with a larger team, but the expedition was abandoned when a team member was killed in an avalanche.

He finally reached the summit in 2002 with Alberto Iñurrategi via the long, committing east ridge.

By 2003 Lafaille had decided to try to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders; but unlike many of the mountaineers who take on this goal, he had no desire simply to climb them by well established routes, in large expeditions and with bottled oxygen.

He preferred to continue trying to achieve new routes or solo ascents, or to climb in the more demanding winter season.

In 2003 he climbed Nanga Parbat, Dhaulagiri (solo) and Broad Peak in a two-month period.

The last of these nearly killed him when he fell into a crevasse and then developed high altitude pulmonary edema.

He was rescued by Ed Viesturs and Denis Urubko.

In December 2004 he made a solo ascent of Shishapangma.

It was intended to be the first winter ascent of the mountain, but he reached the summit on 11 December which was seen as too early to be classed as a true winter ascent.

he had now completed eleven of the fourteen eight-thousanders, and needed Everest, Kanchenjunga and Makalu to complete his goal.