Jacksel M. Broughton

Jacksel Markham "Jack" Broughton (January 4, 1925 – October 24, 2014) was a career officer and fighter pilot in the United States Air Force (USAF).

Broughton was born January 4, 1925, in Utica, New York.

He was a 1942 graduate of Brighton High School in Rochester, New York.

He was an Episcopalian.

Broughton entered the United States Military Academy on July 15, 1942, appointed from New York's 38th congressional district, in the wartime three-year curriculum that consolidated the cadet second (junior) and first class (senior) years into a single 12-month period.

He graduated 839th in general merit among the 852 members of the Class of 1945, completing his flight training while still a cadet at Garner Field, Texas, and Stewart Field, New York.

He was commissioned into the United States Army Air Forces on June 5, 1945.

He initially combat-qualified as a pilot in North American B-25 Mitchell medium bombers at Enid Army Air Field, Oklahoma, and was in training to become a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress pilot at Hendricks Army Air Field, Florida, when he received orders in December 1945 transferring him to Europe as a fighter pilot.

His first operational assignment in March 1946 was as a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt pilot in the 389th Fighter Squadron, 366th Fighter Group, at Fritzlar Air Base, Germany, followed by a transfer in June 1947 to the 525th Fighter Squadron, 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base, where he was stationed in September 1947 when the United States Air Force became a separate service.

He returned to the U.S. in 1948, and after two brief instructor assignments he described as "unattractive", joined the newly created Fighter Weapons Squadron at Las Vegas Air Force Base, Nevada.

Broughton married on December 25, 1951, to Alice Joy ("AJ") Owen, and produced a son and three daughters.

Between January and November 1951 Broughton flew two combat tours of duty in the Korean War, in F-80C Shooting Stars with the 8th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 49th Fighter-Bomber Group, at Taegu Air Base, and as flight leader for Project Swatrock, a combat field test of the Swiss-manufactured Oerlikon anti-tank rocket using the Republic F-84 Thunderjet as a test bed.

After Korea, Broughton became Crew Training Air Force (CREWTAF) operations officer at Del Rio Air Force Base, Texas, directing training in F-84s.

He transferred in 1953 to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, to command one of the first F-84F Thunderstreak squadrons, a firepower demonstration team, leading the team to win the 1954 Bendix Trophy Race.

From October 1954 to February 1957 Broughton commanded the Thunderbirds, the USAF aerial demonstration team, leading them through the transition from the straight-wing F-84G to the swept-wing F-84F, and then to become the world's first supersonic acrobatic team in the F-100C Super Sabre.

After assignments at Vincent Air Force Base, Arizona, and Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, commanding a fighter weapons systems training squadron, Broughton spent a year in Ankara, Turkey, as a member of the U.S. Military Assistance Group there.

He graduated from two professional military education schools, the Air Command and Staff College in 1958, and the National War College in 1965.

He was then assigned as deputy commander for operations (DCS/Ops) of the 6441st Tactical Fighter Wing at Yokota Air Base, Japan.

The 6441st TFW had been activated in 1964 to control both the nuclear strike mission and rotational combat duties in Thailand of three squadrons of Republic F-105 Thunderchiefs.

His tour was cut short by a medical emergency involving his son, and he transferred in 1961 to the staff of the 78th Air Defense Wing at Hamilton Air Force Base, California.

From September 1962 to June 1964, when he was promoted to colonel, Broughton commanded the 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, an Air Defense Command squadron of Convair F-106 Delta Darts at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, and was instrumental in getting the aircraft's deadly ejection seat replaced.

His final assignment was as vice commander of the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base between September 1966 and June 1967, leading 102 missions against targets in North Vietnam in the F-105.

He retired in the rank of colonel on August 31, 1968, with 43 separate awards and decorations, including four Distinguished Flying Crosses, two Silver Stars and the highest Air Force service decoration for heroism, the presidentially-awarded Air Force Cross.

Broughton avowed that his proudest accomplishment was being combat-qualified in every air force fighter from the P-47 Thunderbolt to the F-106 Delta Dart.

He authored two personal memoirs of the Vietnam War that were highly critical of the direction of the air war there and the rules of engagement.

Following his retirement from the USAF in 1968, Broughton worked as a pilot for Antilles Air Boats in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, for Conroy Aircraft managing a contract for aerial resupply of Mobil Oil operations on the Alaska North Slope, and as a manager in the flight test program and a technical planning advisor for the Space Shuttle Endeavour for Rockwell International.

He also formed a corporation seeking to develop a practical bus-sized air cushion vehicle.

Broughton authored two books, Thud Ridge (1968) and Going Downtown: The War Against Hanoi and Washington (1988), in which he discussed his perceptions and history of the air war over Southeast Asia.

The latter book was based largely upon his subsequent court martial resulting from an attack on a Soviet ship in Haiphong Harbor (the "Turkestan incident").

After his conviction was overturned and expunged from his record because of "undue command influence", Broughton retired from the Air Force in August 1968 and had the memoir published by J.B. Lippincott.

In 2007 he published Rupert Red Two: A Fighter Pilot's Life from Thunderbolts to Thunderchiefs, an autobiography of his USAF career.

Thud Ridge was a contemporary wartime memoir of his tour in Southeast Asia.

Broughton was highly critical of the U.S. command structure then directing air operations against North Vietnam.

The book resulted from the court-martial of Broughton and two of his pilots for allegedly conspiring to violate the rules of engagement regarding U.S. air operations.

Although acquitted of the most serious charges at his court martial, presided over by then-Colonel Chuck Yeager, Broughton was subsequently transferred to an obscure post in The Pentagon, allegedly as a vendetta because his punishment was so slight.

Required by office protocol to work only two or three days a month, he used both his extra time and his bitterness at the Air Force senior bureaucracy and civilian political appointees in the Department of Defense and Department of the Air Force to compose Thud Ridge while he awaited approval of an application to appeal of his conviction to the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records.

Broughton continued to be active as a writer, having his first article "Pain and Gain in the Century Series" published by Air Force Magazine in September 2012.

Service: Air Force

He died in Lake Forest, California on October 24, 2014, at the age of 89.

World War II ended before Broughton could participate in combat missions.