Iyad el-Baghdadi

Ismael moved to the United Arab Emirates in 1970.

Iyad el-Baghdadi (إياد البغدادي) (born June 17, 1977) is a writer, entrepreneur, and human rights activist who attained international prominence during the Arab Spring.

A self-styled "Islamic libertarian," he is an outspoken critic of both Islamic movements and secular dictatorships, and has set himself apart from many other activists through his use of humor and sarcasm.

He contributes to his own blog site Islam and Liberty and podcast Arab Tyrant Manual on Soundcloud.

A stateless Palestinian who was born in Kuwait and raised in the United Arab Emirates, he was a political refugee in Norway until he received citizenship in 2023.

Baghdadi's father Ismail was born in Jaffa in what is now Israel.

As an infant, he and Baghadi's paternal grandparents were displaced by the onset of the Nakba and settled in Egypt.

During the Arab Spring in 2011, Baghdadi began tweeting about the ongoing Egyptian revolution.

He provided English translations of Arabic-language statements, chants, and videos.

He also strongly supported the uprisings around the Arab world from a pro-democratic perspective.

His tweets, many of which not only reported on the latest developments but also provided mocking commentary about the region's dictatorial leaders, gained an enormous following.

He is the creator of the widely spread hashtag #ArabTyrantManual and was cited as such by mainstream news reporting.

A February 2011 You Tube video of Egyptian activist Asmaa Mahfouz's call for Egyptians to protest in Tahrir square in Cairo, featuring translation by Baghdadi, was viewed over a million times.

Many observers have credited it with helping to bring down the presidency of Hosni Mubarak.

In March 2011, he posted an online collection of his satirical tweets entitled The Arab Tyrant's Manual.

Within weeks it was translated into over a dozen languages.

He has said that he hopes to publish it in book form.

He is also the author of the two-volume Arab Spring Manifesto, in which he outlined a vision of an "Islamic libertarianism" that he hoped could become the guiding philosophy of his region in the wake of the Arab Spring.

Iyad, born in Kuwait, was raised in the Emirates and lived in the town of Ajman before his deportation in 2014.

On April 30, 2014, he tweeted about his close friend, the Egyptian activist Bassem Sabry, who had just died.

The next day, May 1, UAE immigration authorities in his town, Ajman, told him that he faced a choice: either he could be imprisoned for an indefinite amount of time or he could accept immediate deportation.

The government provided no official reason for this action.

It did not formally charge him with a crime and did not offer him an opportunity to appeal the decision.

One official said, "You should try and remember if you said anything that might cause something like this."

Baghdadi, who was 36 at the time, chose deportation.

He then spent 13 days in al-Sadr prison in Abu Dhabi, after which he was deported.

As a stateless Palestinian, he was flown to Malaysia with Egyptian travel documents in hand; he had been told that Malaysia would permit him entry as a refugee.

At the time, his wife Ammara was seven months pregnant.

Upon his arrival in Kuala Lumpur on May 13, his documents were not recognised and was denied entry; he was confined to the airport for 26 days.

On June 8, after a sustained campaign by friends and activists, the Malaysian government permitted him to enter the country on a passport issued by the Palestinian embassy as an "exceptional case."

On June 17, Baghdadi’s birthday, his wife gave birth to a son.

He was named Ismael, after Baghdadi's father.

For six months, Baghdadi was out of the public eye.

On October 22, 2014, he re-emerged in Norway, where he delivered a talk at the Oslo Freedom Forum.

He said he had only been able to spend three days with his son.

His Oslo Freedom Forum talk was published in November 2014 by Foreign Policy under the title "Why I Still Believe in the Arab Spring."

In the talk, he lamented that the youth revolts had given way to "a jihadist Disneyland."

He suggested that his own chief contribution to the Arab Spring had been "in the realm of ideas."

From the start he had insisted on the importance of having "a statement or manifesto" and a plan for what to do after one's revolt succeeded.

The Arab Spring hadn't had that.