Hedda Sterne

Her older brother and only sibling, Edouard Lindenberg (1908–1973), would become a prominent conductor in Paris.

As a young child, Sterne and her brother were educated in music and languages.

In addition to Romanian, Sterne was taught to read German, French, and English.

She would recall the importance of German philosophy texts and art history books in her development as an artist.

Initially encouraged to study piano, Sterne eventually succeeded in convincing her parents to allow her to study art instead.

Hedda Sterne (August 4, 1910 – April 8, 2011) was a Romanian-born American artist who was an active member of the New York School of painters.

Her work is often associated with Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism.

She was also the only woman to appear in the famous photograph of abstract expressionist artists dubbed "The Irascibles", although the group included other women.

Sterne was born as Hedwig Lindenberg in Bucharest, Romania, on August 4, 1910.

She was the daughter of Jewish parents Eugenie (née Wexler) and Simon Lindenberg, a language teacher.

With the encouragement of Max Hermann Maxy, whom Sterne recalled as a student of her father's, she began formal training in 1918.

Sterne's first art teacher was Maxy's former professor at the Bucharest National University of Arts, the sculptor Frederic Storck.

In 1919, Sterne's father Simon died and her mother remarried.

In the late 1920s, Sterne traveled regularly to Vienna, where she took classes in ceramics at the Kunsthistorisches Museum.

Beginning in the late 1920s and following her marriage to Fritz Stern in 1932, Sterne traveled frequently between Bucharest and Paris, where she studied briefly in the ateliers of Fernand Léger and André Lhote, and at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.

By 1921, Sterne was attending the Institutul de Domnişoare Choisy-Mangâru, a private girls' school in Bucharest.

In addition to her early work in the studio of Frederic Storck, Sterne was one of several young artists in Bucharest working in the studio of Dada-cofounder and Surrealist painter Marcel Janco, who had returned to Bucharest from Switzerland and France in 1921.

Sterne became an active member of Bucharest's thriving avant-garde communities of artists and writers, and in this way, as she would recall, she "grew up with Surrealism".

Among her closest friends were Constructivist and Surrealist artist Victor Brauner, his brother Théodore Brauner and their family; painters Jules Perahim and Medi Wexler, and Wexler's future husband, the surrealist poet Gheorghe Dinu.

In 1929 she enrolled at the University of Bucharest where she studied art history and philosophy with various notable intellectuals, including Tudor Vianu, Mircea Florian, and Nae Ionescu.

Often reconnecting with Victor Brauner in Paris in the 1930s, Sterne closely followed developments in Surrealism and attended exhibitions.

She was particularly drawn to the Surrealist practice of automatism and by the late 1930s had developed her own unique method of constructing automatic collages.

In 1932, she married Friederich (Fritz) Stern (1905–1982; later known as Frederick (Fred) Stafford) and discontinued her formal education.

In the summer of 1939, Sterne and her husband returned to Bucharest from France for the last time.

With the outbreak of World War II in September, the couple began to prepare to leave Europe for the United States.

However, Sterne did not accompany her husband in the spring of 1940 when Fritz Stern left for New York.

Instead, she remained in Bucharest with her family, where in January 1941 she was witness to the Bucharest pogrom and increasing political unrest.

After trying for several months to acquire all the necessary visas to leave Romania for the U.S., Sterne finally departed Lisbon for New York aboard the S.S.Excambion on October 17, 1941.

Hedda Sterne arrived in New York in late October 1941, where she was reunited with her estranged husband.

The couple soon after changed their last name from Stern to Stafford.

In late 1941, Sterne established a studio and apartment on East 50th Street, nearby Peggy Guggenheim's home on Beekman Place.

The two became close friends, and through Guggenheim, Sterne met and became reacquainted with many of the Surrealist artists she had known in Paris, including André Breton, Marcel Duchamp, and Max Ernst.

Around this time Sterne also met and became close friends with the author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

She would later play a critical role in advising Saint-Exupéry to use his own drawings to illustrate his book The Little Prince.

However, by late 1942 she was exhibiting her work under the name "Hedda Sterne".

By adding an "e" to the end of her former married name, she maintained a connection to the name she had exhibited under in Europe.

In 1942, Sterne was included in the seminal exhibition The First Papers of Surrealism, which opened on October 14 at the Whitelaw Reid Mansion in midtown Manhattan.

By 1943, Sterne was regularly shown at Peggy Guggenheim's Art of This Century gallery in New York, including the 1943 Exhibition by 31 Women.

The following year, her work was shown in the Société des Artistes Indépendants' 50th annual Salon des Indépendants.

Some of these works were included in the Association Artistique Les Surindépendants' 11th Exposition du Salon des Surindépendants at the Porte de Versailles, where they drew the attention of Hans Arp.