Hans Bender

Hans Bender (5 February 1907 – 7 May 1991) was a German lecturer on the subject of parapsychology, who was also responsible for establishing the parapsychological institute Institut für Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene in Freiburg.

For many years his pipe smoking, contemplative figure was synonymous with German parapsychology.

He was an investigator of 'unusual human experience', e.g. poltergeists and clairvoyants.

One of his most famous cases was the Rosenheim Poltergeist.

After his secondary school examination in 1925, he studied law in Lausanne and Paris.

In 1927, he started to study psychology, philosophy, and Romance studies in Freiburg, Heidelberg, and Berlin.

From 1929, he studied in psychology in Bonn with Erich Rothacker and Romance studies with Ernst Robert Curtius.

He took the doctors degree 1933 by Rothacker with the dissertation Psychische Automatismen.

At the time he was an assistant at the Psychological Institute of the University of Bonn, he studied medicine in parallel to the controversial psychology to get a better reputation.

His claim to have made his a state examination for a PhD in medicine by professor Kurt Beringer on the subject of "Die Arbeitskurve unter Pervitin" remained a claim, as he was not able to present the promotion certificate.

To eliminate this problem, he drew up a new medical dissertation at old age.

In 1939, he worked as a volunteer at the Psychiatric and Intern Clinic in Freiburg.

As he was unfit for the military service, he could act in place of his drafted professor Rothacker in 1940 in Bonn.

From September of this year on, he also worked at the Internal Clinic in Bonn.

In June, he married Henriette Wiechert, who was "starring" as the experimental subject with the nicknames "Miss Dora D."

or "Miss D."

in his dissertation.

In order to have a successful career, Bender had already joined the NSDAP at that time.

To be able to call himself an associate professor at the newly founded Reichsuniversität Straßburg, he was habilitated in 1941 with the treatise on the subject "Experimentelle Visionen. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Sinnestäuschung, des Realitätsbewusstseins und der Schichten der Persönlichkeit".

With the intervention of the historian Ernst Anrich, he became from the Reichsministerium for Sciences, Education and public instruction the necessary lectureship.

From 1942 to 1944, he taught psychology and clinical psychology, also managing the Paracelsus Institute, where Bender originally planned to make research on the subject of astrology.

At the request of his patron Friedrich Spieser, he studied the subject of dowsing.

After his detention in a British camp between November 1944 and July 1945, he returned to Freiburg im Breisgau, where he was got a lectureship for psychology.

From 1946 to 1949, he acted for the Chair for Psychology and Pedagogy and was a Diätendozent afterwards.

In 1950, he founded the non-university Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health.

After he made guest professorships in 1951 and 1954, he was appointed as an extraordinary professor for frontier areas of psychology.

In 1967, he became a full professor for psychology and frontier areas of psychology.

One quarter of subjects were issues of parapsychology.

In 1975, he became professor emeritus.

When journalists of the SPIEGEL magazine found out in 1977 that no copy of his medical dissertation could be found, and that Bender also could not produce a promotion certificate, the district attorney brought a procedure because of assuming a false title.

To avoid prosecution, Bender promoted again by Manfred Müller-Küppers, with whom he had co-operated in cases of haunting.

Bender had been skilled in depth psychology and oriented himself mostly by approaches of Pierre Janet and Carl Gustav Jung.

From this, it follows that on the one hand, he used mostly a qualitative approach instead of a quantitative one.

On the other hand, he held an "animistic" approach in parapsychology instead of a "spiritualistic" one.

In parapsychology this means that paranormal phenomena were not treated as influences of spirits, but as a result of the great strain of the "focus person".

Because of this approach concerning parapsychological phenomena, he associated the experiments of a sensitive approach with the analysis of an affective approach to parapsychology and neurotic faulty attitudes.

A term coined by Bender is the so-called uniformity of the occult (in German, Gleichförmigkeit des Okkulten), i.e. the fact that phenomena such as telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, haunting and psychokinesis are reported from antiquity to the present in all epochs and in the most diverse cultures and regions of the earth, while age, educational level and social status of the experiencers do not seem to play a role.

The parapsychic phenomena thus seem to be similar or uniform across historical, cultural, geographical and personal boundaries.

Bender considered this to be proof that it was not myths and traditions without correspondence in objective reality that were present here, but individual, actual experiences of the individual observers, which were based on objective, even if still unknown, characteristics of reality.

Another feature of his work was his close contact with astrologers, such as Thomas Ring, a friend of his.