Hamid Karzai

His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had fought in the 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War and was the Deputy Speaker of the Senate.

The Karzai family were monarchists and remained strong supporters of Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan.

Hamid Karzai (Pashto/,, ; born 24 December 1957) is an Afghan politician who served as the fourth president of Afghanistan from July 2002 to September 2014, including as the first elected president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan from December 2004 to September 2014.

Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the Karz area of Kandahar City in southern Afghanistan.

He is an ethnic Pashtun descended from the khans, or traditional chiefs, of the Popalzai Pashtun tribe.

His father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, served as the Deputy Speaker of the Afghan Parliament during the 1960s.

His uncle, Habibullah Karzai, served as the Afghan representative at the UN and is said to have accompanied King Zahir to the United States in the early 1960s for a special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

Hamid Karzai attended Mahmood Hotaki Primary School in Kandahar and Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani School in Kabul.

He graduated from Habibia High School in Kabul in 1976.

After graduating, he went to India as an exchange student in 1976, and studied for a master's degree in international relations and political science at Himachal Pradesh University, obtaining his degree in 1983.

He moved to Pakistan where he was active as a fundraiser for the Afghan rebels during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and its aftermath.

He briefly served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the Islamic State of Afghanistan government.

Born in Kandahar, Karzai graduated from Habibia High School in Kabul and later received a master's degree in India in the 1980s.

Karzai then moved to Pakistan and worked as a fundraiser for the anti-communist Afghan rebels during their 1980s uprising against the rule of Soviet-backed Afghan Mohammad Najibullah.

Hamid Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early October 1988, late in the war, to assist in the rebel victory in Tarinkot.

He assisted in mobilizing the Popalzai and the other Durrani tribes and helped to drive Najibullah's regime from the city.

Karzai also helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's soldiers.

When the Taliban emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as the legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in the country.

He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador, but refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using them.

Karzai then wanted to represent the Taliban government for the UN, but the Taliban leader did not trust Karzai due to him having many links with westerners.

Karzai lived in the Pakistani city of Quetta among many other Afghan refugees, where he worked to reinstate former Afghan king Zahir Shah, meeting the king in Italy several times.

He also visited the western embassies including the U.S. embassy in Islamabad several times, talking with UN diplomat Norbert Holl, and attempted to gain American support for "modern, educated Afghans" to weaken the Taliban's views.

When Najibullah's pro-Soviet government collapsed in 1992, the Peshawar Accords agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections.

Karzai accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.

He served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Karzai was arrested, however, by Mohammad Fahim (who would later become Karzai's Vice President) on charges of spying for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in what Karzai claimed was an effort to negotiate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government.

Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by Gul Rahman.

In July 1999, Karzai's father was assassinated and Karzai succeeded him as head of the Popalzai tribe.

He previously served as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration from December 2001 to July 2002.

He is the chief (khān) of the Popalzai Durrani tribe of Pashtuns in Kandahar Province.

In October 2001 the United States invasion of Afghanistan began and Karzai led the Pashtun tribes in and around Kandahar in an uprising against the Taliban; he became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001.

During the December 2001 International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six-month term as chairman of the Interim Administration.

He was then chosen for a two-year term as interim president during the 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, Afghanistan.

After the 2004 presidential election, Karzai was declared the winner and became President of Afghanistan.

He won a second five-year term in the 2009 presidential election; this term ended in September 2014, and he was succeeded by Ashraf Ghani.

During his presidency, Karzai was known in the international community for being an alliance builder between Afghanistan's communities.

In later years, his relationship with NATO and the United States became increasingly strained, and he has been accused several times of corruption.

He called the Taliban his brothers and warned that the heavy-handed counterinsurgency in Afghanistan would only revive the Taliban insurgency against the former Afghan government, urging the US to instead focus on bringing Pakistan's support for the Taliban leadership to heel, but the US largely ignored his requests.

After the Taliban takeover of Kabul in 2021, Karzai stated the Taliban did not capture the city by force, but rather were invited by him in order to prevent chaos.

He said that in order to gain international recognition, the new Taliban government needed internal legitimacy, which could be achieved through a general election or loya jirga.