Gerald Vizenor

Gerald Robert Vizenor (born 1934) is an American writer and scholar, and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, White Earth Reservation.

Vizenor also taught for many years at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was Director of Native American Studies.

With more than 30 books published, Vizenor is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico.

Gerald Vizenor was born to a mother who was Swedish-American and a father who was Anishinaabe.

When he was less than two years old, his father was murdered in a homicide that was never solved.

He was raised by his mother and paternal Anishinaabe grandmother, along with a succession of paternal uncles, in Minneapolis and on the White Earth Reservation.

His mother's partner acted as his informal stepfather and primary caregiver.

Following that man's death in 1950, Vizenor lied about his age and at 15 entered the Minnesota National Guard.

Honorably discharged before his unit went to Korea, Vizenor joined the army two years later.

He served with occupation forces in Japan, with that nation was still struggling to recover from the vast destruction of the nuclear attacks that ended World War II.

During this period, he began to learn about the Japanese poetic form of haiku.

Returning to the United States in 1953, Vizenor took advantage of G.I. Bill funding to complete his undergraduate degree at New York University.

He followed this with postgraduate study at Harvard University and the University of Minnesota, where he also undertook graduate teaching.

After returning to Minnesota, he married and had a son.

After teaching at the university, between 1964 and 1968, Vizenor worked as a community advocate.

During this time he served as director of the American Indian Employment and Guidance Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which brought him into close contact with numerous Native Americans from reservations.

Many found it difficult to live in the city, and struggled against white racism and cheap alcohol.

This period is the subject of his short-story collection Wordarrows: Whites and Indians in the New Fur Trade, some of which was inspired by his experiences.

His work with homeless and poor Natives may have been the reason Vizenor looked askance at the emerging American Indian Movement (AIM), seeing radical leaders such as Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt as being more concerned with personal publicity than the "real" problems faced by American Indians.

Vizenor began working as a staff reporter on the Minneapolis Tribune, quickly rising to become an editorial contributor.

He investigated the case of Thomas James White Hawk, convicted of a 1967 Vermillion, South Dakota murder and sentenced to death.

Vizenor's writings on the case explored the nature of justice in a society dealing with colonized peoples.

His work was credited with enabling White Hawk to have his death sentence commuted.

During this period Vizenor coined the phrase "cultural schizophrenia" to describe the state of mind of many Natives, who he considered torn between Native and White cultures.

His investigative journalism into American Indian activists revealed drug dealing, personal failings, and failures of leadership among some of the movement's leaders.

As a consequence of his articles, he was personally threatened.

Beginning teaching full-time at Lake Forest College, Illinois, Vizenor was appointed to set up and run the Native American Studies program at Bemidji State University.

Later he became professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (1978–1985).

He later satirized the academic world in some of his fiction.

For example, in "The Chair of Tears", in Earthdivers.

During this time he also served as a visiting professor at Tianjin University, China.

Vizenor worked and taught for four years at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he was also Provost of Kresge College.

He had an endowed chair for one year at the University of Oklahoma.

Vizenor next was appointed as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

He is professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico.

Vizenor was influenced by the French post-modernist intellectuals, particularly Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard.

Vizenor has published collections of haiku, poems, plays, short stories, translations of traditional tribal tales, screenplays, and many novels.

He has been named as a member of the literary movement which Kenneth Lincoln dubbed the Native American Renaissance, a flourishing of literature and art beginning in the mid-20th century.

His first novel, Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart (1978), later revised as Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles (1990), brought him immediate attention.

Later he wrote Hiroshima Bugi (2004), what he called his "kabuki novel."