Eleanor Smeal

Eleanor Marie Smeal ( Cutri; born July 30, 1939) is an American women's rights activist.

Eleanor Smeal is of Italian ancestry, born on July 30, 1939, to Peter Anthony Cutri and Josephine E. (Agresti), in Ashtabula, Ohio.

Her father emigrated to America from Calabria, Italy and became an insurance salesman.

After graduating from Strong Vincent High School in 1957, Smeal attended Duke University.

At the time, Duke was not integrated and women made up only 25% of the enrolled students.

Smeal's interest in feminism and her awareness of feminist issues became increasingly stronger during the late 1960s.

Already confronted with a lack of day-care facilities for her young child, while also dealing with a back disability, Smeal realized there was no disability insurance for wives and mothers.

It was this issue that pushed Smeal into researching further into feminism.

Smeal participated in the fight for integration at Duke and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1961.

She also holds an M.A. in political science and public administration from the University of Florida.

While attending Duke University Eleanor met Charles Smeal, an engineering student, whom she married on April 27, 1963.

Eleanor and Charles had two children together and lived in the area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Then in 1968, Smeal began a term lasting four years on the board of the local League of Women Voters, and then two years later, joined (along with her husband) the National Organization for Women (NOW).

Newspapers in the 1970s described her as the first housewife to lead the National Organization for Women.

Smeal joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970 and served as president from 1977 to 1982 and again from 1985 to 1987.

Eleanor Smeal was first elected as the President of NOW in 1977, preceded by President Karen DeCrow.

In total, Smeal was elected as NOW's President three times.

Smeal was elected at a time when conference delegates had authorized a NOW ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) Strike Force to campaign for ratification.

Upon hearing that the deadline for the ratification for ERA, Smeal convinced Elizabeth Holztman, a member of the United States House of Representatives, to bring the proposal to Congress.

In this time of great desire for equal rights, Smeal played a key role and was a major organizer of the 1978 March for ERA.

In 1979, Smeal was reelected as NOW's President, running for her second term as the head of the organization.

In her second run as President, Smeal focused her efforts on making Social Security more fair for women, testifying against restrictions on abortion funding for military personnel and their dependents, and Lesbian and Gay rights.

Smeal led NOW organizers to help stage the 1979 National March for Lesbian and Gay rights.

At the time of Smeal's second term of Presidency in NOW, Ronald Reagan was also elected as the United States President.

Around the time of his inauguration in January, Smeal and the NOW organization launched and led a national campaign to stop Reagan's anti-abortion "Human Life Amendment."

Smeal was also the first person to coin the term "gender gap" when she analyzed in the National NOW Times just how different the votes by men versus the votes by women really are.

This march brought over 100,000 marchers and as a result, Congress voted to extend the deadline for ERA to June 30, 1982.

Despite the grand efforts made by NOW during Smeal's presidency to get the ERA ratified, towards the end of Smeal's second term in 1982, the Amendment was shy three states and therefore did not get passed.

At the end of her second term, which lasted longer than a traditional two-year term due to the decision to allow Smeal to continue her efforts, uninterrupted, on ratifying the ERA, Smeal had boosted NOW to a whopping 220,000 members and a budget of $13 million annually.

While Smeal worked extensively on the ERA, some members felt that she lacked focus in areas such as minority and abortion rights, which became part of the focus of Smeal's successor, Judy Goldsmith.

During this time, in 1986, she led the first national pro-choice march, which drew over 100,000 activists to Washington, DC.

A 1986 Newsweek/Gallup poll reported that 56% of women in the US self-identify as feminists.

She is the president and a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation (founded in 1987) and has served as president of the National Organization for Women for three terms, in addition to her work as an activist, grassroots organizer, lobbyist, and political analyst.

Smeal has appeared frequently on television, on shows including Crossfire, Good Morning America, Larry King Live, Nightline, and The Today Show.

She has also appeared frequently on radio and testified before Congress.

Smeal has organized numerous events around and given speeches on the concepts of feminism, equality, and human rights as they pertain to people in and outside of the United States.

After leaving NOW in 1987, Smeal saw a need for a new feminist organization that combined research, educational outreach, and political action.

Smeal reconciled her vision of a new feminist organization and the task of empowering women and men who support equity by cofounding the Feminist Majority Foundation in 1987.

Several legislative measures bear Smeal's imprint including the Free Access to Clinic Entrances legislation (influenced by Madsen v. Women's Health Center) that President Bill Clinton signed into law in 1994, the unsuccessful attempt to defeat Proposition 209 in California, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, the Equal Credit Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, the Violence Against Women Act, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the unsuccessful 1970s and 1980s fight to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.

Since 2001, Smeal is also the publisher of Ms. magazine which is owned and published by the Feminist Majority Foundation.