Edwidge Danticat

Finally, Danticat's work, The Farming of Bones, speaks to the stories of those who survived the 1937 massacre, and the effects of that trauma on Haitian identity [iv].

Overall, Danticat makes known the history of her nation while also diversifying conceptions of the country beyond those of victimization [iii].

Danticat's Breath, Eyes, Memory explores the centrality of the mother-daughter relationship to self-identity and self-expression [v].

Sophie's experiences mirror those of her mother's Martine.

Just as Martine was forced to submit to a virginity test at the hand of her own mother, she forces the same on Sophie after discovering her relationship with Joseph.

As a result, Sophie goes through a period of self- hate, ashamed to show anyone her body, including her husband (80) [viii].

Sophie's struggles to overcome frigidity in relation to intimacy with her husband Joseph, as well as her bulimia parallels Martine's struggle bear a child with Marc to term, as well her insomnia, and detrimental eating habits (61–62) [v].

Due to Martine's rape by a Tonton Macoute and Sophie's abuse by her mother, "each woman must come to terms with herself before she can enter into a healthy relationship with a man, and these men attempt to meet these women on the latter's own terms" (68) [vi].

The pinnacle of this mirroring comes when Sophie chooses to be her mother's Marassa, a double of herself for her mother, to share the pain, the trials and the tribulations, the ultimate connection: to become one with her mother.

Marassas represent "sameness and love" as one, they are "inseparable and identical. They love each other because they are alike and always together" [vii].

This connection between Sophie and her mother Martine has also been challenged through Sophie's own connection with her daughter Brigitte: "Martine's totally nihilistic unwillingness to begin again with the draining responsibilities of motherhood comments upon and stands in stark contrast to Sophie's loving desire to bring her daughter Brigitte into the welcoming" (79) [viii].

Scholars agree that Danticat manages her relationship with her Haitian history and her bicultural identity through her works by creating a new space within the political sphere.

Edwidge Danticat (born January 19, 1969) is a Haitian-American novelist and short story writer.

After graduating from Clara Barton High School in Brooklyn, New York, Danticat entered Barnard College in New York City where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1990.

Initially she had intended to study to become a nurse, but her love of writing won out and she received a BA in French literature.

She received a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from Brown University in 1993.

Danticat is a strong advocate for issues affecting Haitians abroad and at home.

Her first novel, Breath, Eyes, Memory, was published in 1994 and went on to become an Oprah's Book Club selection.

Danticat has since written or edited several books and has been the recipient of many awards and honors.

As of the fall of 2023, she will be the Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Professor of the Humanities in the department of African American and African Diaspora Studies at Columbia University.

Danticat was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

When she was 12 years old, her father André emigrated to New York, to be followed two years later by her mother Rose.

This left Danticat and her younger brother, also named André, to be raised by her aunt and uncle.

When asked in an interview about her traditions as a child, she included storytelling, church, and constantly studying school material as all part of growing up.

Although her formal education in Haiti was in French, she spoke Haitian Creole at home.

While still in Haiti, Danticat began writing at nine years of age.

She later wrote another story about her immigration experience for the magazine New Youth Connections, "A New World Full of Strangers".

In the introduction to Starting With I, an anthology of stories from the magazine, Danticat wrote: "When I was done with the [immigration] piece, I felt that my story was unfinished, so I wrote a short story, which later became a book, my first novel: Breath, Eyes, Memory...Writing for New Youth Connections had given me a voice. My silence was destroyed completely, indefinitely."

Danticat married Fedo Boyer in 2002.

She has two daughters, Mira and Leila.

Although Danticat resides in the United States, she still considers Haiti home.

To date, she still visits Haiti from time to time and has always felt as if she never left it.

Three themes are prominent in various analyses of Edwidge Danticat's work: national identity, mother-daughter relationships, and diasporic politics.

Scholars of Danticat's work frequently examine the theme of national identity.

In Breath, Eyes, Memory, Danticat explores the relationship between women and the nationalist agenda of the state [i] during the Duvalier regime.

Throughout the novel, as generations of women "test" their daughters, by penetrating their vaginas with a finger to confirm their virginity, they "become enforcers," or proxies, of the state's "violence and victimization" of black women's bodies (376–377) [i], similar to the paramilitary secret police Tonton Macoutes.

However, while the women of Breath, Eyes, Memory replicate "state-sanctioned" control and violation of women's bodies through acts of violence (375), they also "disrupt and challenge the masculinist, nationalist discourse" of the state by using their bodies "as deadly weapons" (387) [i].

Evidence for this claim can be drawn from Martine's suicide, seen as a tragic exhibition of freedom, releasing her body, and mind, from its past traumas [i].

Additionally, the novel demonstrates some inherent difficulties of creating a diasporic identity, as illustrated through Sophie's struggle between uniting herself with her heritage and abandoning what she perceives to be the damaging tradition of 'testing,' suggesting the impossibility of creating a resolute creolized personhood [ii].

In 2009, she lent her voice and words to Poto Mitan: Haitian Women Pillars of the Global Economy, a documentary about the impact of globalization on five women from different generations.