Edith Halpert

Edith Halpert or Edith Gregor Halpert (née Edith Gregoryevna Fivoosiovitch; 1900–1970) was a pioneering New York City dealer of American modern art and American folk art.

She brought recognition and market success to many avant-garde American artists.

Her establishment, the Downtown Gallery, was the first commercial art space in Greenwich Village.

Halpert was born Edith Gregoryevna Fivoosiovitch to Gregor and Frances Lucom Fivoosiovitch in Odessa (then Russia, now Ukraine) on April 25, 1900.

She had a sister, Sonia, five years older.

Shortly after the deadly pogroms of October 1905, Halpert immigrated to New York City in 1906 with her mother and sister (her father died in 1904 of tuberculosis).

At this time the family name changed to Fivisovitch.

They initially settled on the west side of Harlem, then a predominantly Jewish immigrant neighborhood, and Halpert attended the progressive Wadleigh High School for Girls.

At the age of 14, she further Americanized her name to Edith Georgina Fein and began to pursue a career as an artist.

She studied drawing under Leon Kroll and Ivan Olinsky at the National Academy of Design and life drawing with George Bridgeman at the Art Students League.

Halpert was able to attend the National Academy of Design at such a young age because she convinced her instructors that she was actually sixteen.

She was also a member of the Whitney Studio Club and John Weischel's People's Art Guild, a radical artists' cooperative for which she served as treasurer.

In 1917, she met the American painter Samuel Halpert through the People's Art Guild, and they married the following year.

The couple remained in New York City, where Samuel continued to paint while Halpert worked to support them.

In the 1920s and 1930s, marriage was still a popular goal among young women.

While many young women worked, most stopped after marriage.

However, Halpert continued to work to support her household while Samuel stayed home to paint.

She then worked in the foreign office of Macy's, before becoming an advertising manager at Stern Brothers, eventually working as an efficiency expert for the garment manufacturers Cohen-Goldman and Fishman & Co. Between 1920 and 1925, Halpert served in several roles with S.W. Straus & Company, the bank investment firm that originated real-estate mortgage bonds.

"By 25, she was one of two female business executives in the city and quite well-off."

Halpert had earned a substantial salary and was appointed to the board of directors.

In 1925, they lived at the Maison Watteau in Montparnasse, then Paris's liveliest artist community.

The following summer, the Halperts stayed at the artist colony founded by Hamilton Easter Field in Ogunquit, Maine.

They rented a cottage from Robert Laurent, and mingled with other American artists who were residing there that summer: Stefan Hirsch, Bernard Karfiol, Walt Kuhn, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Katherine Schmidt, Niles Spencer, and Marguerite and William Zorach, all of whom would later join her gallery.

Many of the artists in Ogunquit were interested in folk art and used it to decorate their homes and as inspiration in their work.

Despite her success and high status, she quit her association with Straus at her husband's urging in 1925.

This left her with more time to devote to her marriage, and gave her an opportunity to refocus her ambitions on the business of art.

Upon Halpert's resignation, she and Samuel traveled to Paris, France, and stayed for nearly a year.

While staying in France, Halpert noticed that French artists had more opportunities to sell and display art than their American counterparts.

After returning to the U.S., Halpert decided to create a space where she could provide similar opportunities.

When it was founded in 1926, it was the only New York gallery dedicated exclusively to contemporary American art by living artists.

Over her forty-year career, Halpert showcased such modern art luminaries as Elie Nadelman, Max Weber, Marguerite and William Zorach, Stuart Davis, Peggy Bacon, Charles Sheeler, Marsden Hartley, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Ben Shahn, Jack Levine, William Steig, Jacob Lawrence, Walter Meigs, Arthur Dove, John Marin, Georgia O'Keeffe, and many others.

Halpert later expanded her business to include American folk art, and certain nineteenth-century American painters, including Raphaelle Peale, William Michael Harnett, and John Frederick Peto, whom she considered to be precursors to American modernism.

Flush from bonuses earned in her business dealings, in the fall of 1926, Halpert used that money to open Our Gallery in Manhattan at 113 West 13th Street with her friend Berthe Kroll Goldsmith.

The gallery featured contemporary American art, often by friends of Halpert and her husband, artist Samuel Halpert.

The following year 1927, the name of the gallery changed to the Downtown Gallery at the suggestion of artist William Zorach.

In early brochures, Halpert and Goldsmith described their mission thus: "The Downtown Gallery has no prejudice for any one school. Its selection is driven by quality — by what is enduring — not by what is in vogue."

Samuel and Halpert divorced in 1930, just before his untimely death caused by streptococci meningitis.

Halpert's career began early.

In order to support herself and her mother (and later, her husband), Halpert took a number of jobs in rapid succession and became a highly successful businesswoman.

At the age of 16, she worked at Bloomingdale's department store, first as a comptometer operator and then as an illustrator in the advertising department.