Duncan Campbell

After a three-hour conversation, Special Branch arrested the three under the Official Secrets Act 1911, leading to the ABC trial.

Duncan Campbell (born 1952) is a British freelance investigative journalist, author, and television producer.

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1952, Campbell was brought up and educated in Dundee.

His mother was a mathematician who worked at Bletchley Park under Alan Turing.

As a pupil at the High School of Dundee, an independent school, he first trained in computer programming aged 16, taught computer languages, and undertook programming in scientific computer languages.

He was also a regular contributor to the New Scientist and Time Out magazines, which during the early 1970s had a much more radical editorial remit than they did in later years.

He gained three S-levels in physics, chemistry, and maths, and then an open scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating in 1973 with a first-class Honours degree in physics.

The following year, Campbell completed a one-year MSc in Operational Research at the University of Sussex; the course included psychology, economics, accountancy, and model building.

He later told The Independent: "It was extremely useful. It was not difficult to make the grades, though they'll hate me for saying so."

After leaving Sussex University, Campbell became a journalist on the Brighton Voice.

Founded in March 1973 by Roy Carr-Hill and George Wilson, the paper's content followed broadly anarcho-socialist principles, with emphasis on reports on housing, the police, gay rights, civil liberties, the environment, unemployment, anti-racism, fascism, and women's rights.

Since 1975, he has specialised in the subjects of intelligence and security services, defence, policing, civil liberties and, latterly, computer forensics.

In 1976, Campbell wrote a seminal story for Time Out, co-authored with Mark Hosenball, called "The Eavesdroppers".

It was the first time the British news media printed the acronym GCHQ, which stood for Government Communications Headquarters, a highly secretive arm of the British secret services, responsible for communications interception.

The article led to the forcible deportation of its American co-author, Hosenball.

Campbell, who could not be deported, was instead placed under MI5 surveillance, which included the tapping of his phones.

The following year, Campbell agreed to talk with ex-signals intelligence operator, John Berry, at Berry's home.

He was accompanied by fellow Time Out reporter, Crispin Aubrey.

He was a staff writer at the New Statesman from 1978 to 1991 and associate editor (Investigations) from 1988 to 1991.

He was prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the ABC trial in 1978 and made the controversial series Secret Society for the BBC in 1987 (see Zircon affair).

In 1980, his article revealing the existence of the secret Standing Committee on Pressure Groups (SCOPG) in Hong Kong led to the revelation that most pressure groups and individual members of the Opposition were under surveillance by the colonial government.

Campbell's article asserts that Hong Kong under then governor Sir Murray MacLehose had become a dictatorship.

In his words: "Hong Kong is a dictatorship; and scarcely a benevolent one."

In 1982, Campbell published War Plan UK — the Truth about Civil Defence in Britain, which revealed and discussed — often for the first time — the inadequacy and futility of the British government's preparations in the event of nuclear war.

The Secret Society series caused a political furore, known as the Zircon affair, in 1987.

The production team behind the series was threatened with prosecution under the Official Secrets Act.

Campbell's front door was kicked down and his home searched, and Strathclyde Police raided the corporation's Scottish headquarters in Glasgow and seized the tapes from the offices of BBC Scotland, where the series had been made.

The tapes were later returned and the series broadcast on the BBC except for episode one.

The BBC decided that the first episode, about secret cabinet committees, was too sensitive to show before the 1987 general election.

Labour MP Alistair Darling believed that the Thatcher government leaned on the BBC to prevent its damaging allegations from being made public.

Campbell came out as gay in 1987 and has investigated many LGBT issues, including "bogus" HIV/AIDS medicines and quack doctors.

In 1988, he revealed the existence of the ECHELON surveillance program.

Campbell revealed in 1988, in an article titled "Somebody's listening" and published in the New Statesman, the existence of the ECHELON surveillance program.

In 1999, he wrote a report on communications intelligence entitled Interception Capabilities 2000 for the European Parliament.

In 2005 and 2007, Campbell investigated and wrote criticisms of the Operation Ore child pornography prosecutions in the UK, which exposed police errors.

Additionally, he "revealed how computer evidence used against 7,272 people in the UK accused of being paedophiles had been founded on falsehoods."

These articles, "Operation Ore Exposed" and "Sex, Lies and the Missing Videotape", were both published in PC Pro magazine.