Donna Williams

Her father, Ellis John Keene, later known as Jack Williams (1936–1995), was bipolar and aloof, while her mother was an alcoholic who was physically and emotionally abusive.

Donna Leanne Williams, also known by her married name Donna Leanne Samuel and as Polly Samuel (born Donna Keene; 12 October 1963 – 22 April 2017 ), was an Australian writer, artist, singer-songwriter, screenwriter, and sculptor.

Donna Leanne Williams was born Donna Keene in October 1963.

In 1965, aged two, Williams was assessed as "psychotic".

During the rest of her childhood, she was tested multiple times for deafness and labelled as "disturbed".

In 1965, at the age of two, Williams was assessed as a psychotic infant; subsequently, throughout her childhood, she was tested multiple times for deafness and labelled as "disturbed".

Williams alleged on her blog that she had been sexually assaulted at the age of eight during a party held by her father.

By the age of nine, she had developed two alternate personalities: "Willie", her "rebellious, disruptive, and bad-mannered side" and "Carol", the "kind, polite, socially acceptable child".

That year, she was also diagnosed with various dietary conditions including "milk allergies, dairy [and] gluten intolerances[; and] salicylate intolerance" and was placed on a multivitamin and zinc regime.

At fifteen, Williams left home and worked in various jobs but struggled to support herself.

At times she was homeless, passing from boyfriend to boyfriend while suffering "gross cruelty and domestic prostitution in relationships with men".

With the help of a psychiatric social worker, Williams finished secondary education and enrolled in tertiary studies.

She grew up in Melbourne with an older brother, James, and a younger brother, Tom Williams (the street artist Duel; born 1969).

From 1982, Williams started studying at La Trobe University and eventually graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Diploma of Education in 1990.

In 1991, she was diagnosed as autistic and also underwent treatment for gut, immune system and sensory perceptual disorders.

In 1991, Williams was diagnosed with autism by Lawrence Bartak, a specialist at Monash Medical Centre and a senior lecturer in psychology at the associated Monash University.

Bartak later recalled "[Williams] displayed all the main features of autism when I met her, including one she wouldn't have known about ... The fact that she was apparently sociable and interacting with people doesn't mean she didn't have some type of disorder".

Bartak helped Williams "begin building bridges instead of walls between worlds".

She wrote four memoirs: Nobody Nowhere: The Extraordinary Autobiography of an Autistic Girl (1992), Somebody Somewhere: Breaking Free from the World of Autism (1994), Like Colour to the Blind: Soul Searching and Soul Finding (1998) and Everyday Heaven: Journeys Beyond the Stereotypes of Autism (2004) – and released two albums, Nobody Nowhere and Mutation.

She was the subject of several TV documentaries during the '90s.

Williams wrote textbooks on the autism spectrum and was a qualified teacher, international public speaker and autism consultant.

By 1992, Williams was a qualified teacher.

Subsequently, she became an international public speaker and an autism consultant.

In 1992, Williams published her first book, an autobiographical account titled Nobody Nowhere: The Extraordinary Autobiography of an Autistic Girl (Doubleday, London).

It was short-listed for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards for non-fiction in 1992.

According to Kirkus Reviews the book enabled people associated with autistic individuals, to "understand more clearly what those unresponsive 'dead eyes' see".

While Daniel Goleman of The New York Times described how Williams "originally wrote it as a series of notes to herself, to help her make sense of her own chaotic world. She planned to burn her journal until a therapist helped her see the value in sharing it".

It was an international best seller including spending fifteen weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list for adult non-fiction in 1993.

Her second autobiography, Somebody Somewhere: Breaking Free from the World of Autism, appeared in 1994.

Marguerite Mroz of Library Journal noted that Williams describes getting the first book published, including "[h]er extraordinary and painful growth as she completes her education, continues psychiatric treatment, experiences the unwelcome publicity brought about by the publication of Nobody Nowhere".

Kirkus Review found Williams had become "more emotionally vulnerable than ever, unprotected by the ritualistic noises and movements typical of autism and determined not to call on the false selves that helped her function in the world 'out there'".

In July 1996, doubts about Williams' condition were aired on Radio National's The Health Report and by The Australian newspaper.

The claims of "faking it" were denied by both Williams and Bartak.

Later autobiographical works include Like Colour to the Blind: Soul Searching and Soul Finding (1996), and Everyday Heaven: Journeys Beyond the Stereotypes of Autism (2004).

In 2002, she joined the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council's review into the causes of autism, where she was appointed to the lay-person's panel.

In February 2005, David Smukler, writing in the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities' journal Mental Retardation, noted that back in the mid-1990s some sceptics had a poorly defined understanding of the autism spectrum: "...autistic people such as Donna Williams and Temple Grandin started to publish first-person accounts that described their lives as autistic people living in an often-inhospitable nonautistic world. Many readers of these early accounts questioned whether or not the authors were really autistic. The assumption underlying such responses is that autism is so incapacitating that Williams or Grandin could not be autistic and still write with such insight and sensitivity. When their books first appeared, autistic authors were characterized either as frauds or exceptions".

Smukler concluded: "Today, Williams' and Grandin's 'credentials' are rarely challenged. Rather than being doubted, they are more likely to be commended for offering us an 'inside out' view of autism".

Her first name was chosen by her mother due to it being the Spanish word for "female"; however, her father referred to her as Polly, which lead to her legally changing her name in 2015.

According to Williams, her earliest memories included "rubbing her eyes furiously to lose herself in 'bright spots of fluffy color', which she found a soothing refuge against the 'intrusive gabble' of the human world around her".

Williams died of cancer in April 2017.