Djamila Boupacha

Djamila Boupacha (born 9 February 1938) is a former militant from the Algerian National Liberation Front.

Djamila Boupacha was born on 9 February 1938, in Saint-Eugène (today Bologhine) to an uneducated but French-speaking father (Abdelaziz Boupacha) and a mother (Zoubida Amarouche) who did not speak French.

She joined Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA) of Ferhat Abbas in 1953, at the age of 15, and later the National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1951.

During the Algerian War, she used the nom de guerre Khelida.

Early in the Algerian War, Boupacha worked as a trainee at Béni Messous Hospital but was prevented from taking a certificate in training because of her race and religion.

This setback played a role in her rejection of the French colonial system in Algeria.

In 1958, Henri Alleg authored a text entitled La Question, thereby connecting Boupacha to male torture victims in Algeria and corroborating and legitimizing her statement further.

Boupacha originally said that she had “never been able to read” the book titled with her own name.

She was accused of having planted a bomb -- defused by army deminers -- at the Brasserie des facultés on 27 September 1959 in Algiers.

The arrestees were taken to a military barracks at El Biar where they were beaten and interrogated.

Boupacha was later transferred and reportedly tortured at the prison of Hussein Dey.

The torture purportedly included sexual violence, burning her breasts and legs with cigarettes, as well as vaginal rape with an empty beer bottle, as reported by Simone de Beauvoir.

Boupacha confessed to planting a bomb at a University restaurant on 27 September 1959.

Torture was a common experience for women who were arrested in this conflict, and rape was systematically used to terrorize and shame the Algerian community.

The importance of Boupacha's case lies in her decision to bring a suit against her torturers.

Although she did not deny her affiliation with the FLN or her commitment to Algerian independence, she argued that a confession achieved under torture should not be admissible before the military tribunal that was to try her.

Working with French Tunisian lawyer Gisèle Halimi, Boupacha brought her torture case to trial, causing a scandal in France and Algeria and gaining wide public attention.

Halimi and Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book entitled Djamila Boupacha, with the subtitle 'The Story of the Torture of a Young Algerian Girl which Shocked Liberal French Opinion' as part of a broader plan to "rally public opinion and to put the government on trial for violating Article 344 of the French Penal Code".

Throughout the trial, Boupacha also gained the support of prominent artists and intellectuals such as Henri Alleg, André Philip, and Pablo Picasso.

Publicizing the French use of torture was particularly damning given that "France had signed three international documents condemning torture" and, consequently, "De Gaulle repeatedly denied that torture was still used in Algeria."

She was arrested in 1960 for attempting to bomb a cafe in Algiers.

Her confession, which was purportedly obtained by means of torture and rape, and her subsequent trial affected French public opinion about the methods used by the French army in Algeria after publicity by Simone de Beauvoir and Gisèle Halimi.

On 10 February 1960, French troops raided Boupacha's household and arrested her, her father and her brother-in-law.

Boupacha's suit, along with a 1960 article by Beauvoir in Le Monde, sought to publicise the claims of unlawful torture during the Algerian War.

Boupacha's violated virginity and her physical and metaphorical purity came under intense scrutiny in the court case as well as in the media.

The army's practices of sexual humiliation were already known to the public, but her case shed light on how far the army would go to protect her torturers from prosecution.

Despite being asked by Le Monde to remove the statement that Boupacha had been a virgin prior to her capture, Beauvoir kept it in her article, causing Judith Surkish to explain that although "Beauvoir denounced the fetishization of virginity as the product of paternalistic ethics, here she nonetheless mobilised that figure for the sake of political argument".

Consequently, Natalya Vince claimed Boupacha and other female FLN fighters had their "bodies and sexualities…on display for public consumption."

Julien Murphy states that "in her memoir, Beauvoir minimized the political content and impact" of her 1960 writing, portraying it as simply Djamila's story, whereas it "was actually a scathing indictment of the Army."

In addition to the facts of the case, Beauvoir interrogated the notion of “French Algeria" —asking what the phrase would mean if the laws of France were set aside by the army” The article also questioned government control of the army, saying "Such an abdication of responsibility would be a betrayal of France as a whole, of you, of me, of each and every one of us." Beauvoir further implicated all citizens in the torture of Algerians such as Boupacha, writing that “every citizen thereby becomes a member of a collectively criminal nation.” Boupacha thus became a figure at the center of "political engagement" and "public opinion". French officials in Algeria also hindered Boupacha's access to legal representation, denying Halimi's visas to Algeria for Boupacha's court dates. Through the book, Boupacha and her supporters attempted to publicize these actions and garner support to delay the trial in order to allow her more time for preparation and visas.

The government "seized and destroyed" copies of the issue of Le Monde containing Beauvoir's article in Algiers.

The Committee campaigned to remove the case from Algerian jurisdiction; this campaign was successful, and the case was transferred to France in December 1960.

More generally, the Committee worked to free Boupacha and pressure "the government to publicly punish Boupacha's torturers, an ambitious goal since corruption and abuse regarding the practices of torturing prisoners by the French was abetted at the highest levels."

Djamila Boupacha includes an introduction by Beauvoir followed by a section by Halimi focusing on Boupacha’s biography and the legal case, and finally statements by “engaged intellectuals” such as Henri Alleg, Jules Roy, and Françoise Sagan.

Boupacha was sentenced to death on 29 June 1961, but was given amnesty under the Evian Accords and later freed on 21 April 1962.

The book itself, published in 1962, not only describes Boupacha’s story yet also serves as a "historical record" and Beauvoir's "most explicit act of support for decolonization of Algeria".

The book insisted "that revulsion at Boupacha's torture must lead to political action."

More generally, scholars such as Maria Vendetti argue that the text Djamila Boupacha "brings the act of torture into public discourse…despite the strong preference for denial and inattention."

However, the accords which ended the War for Independence and freed Boupacha also provided the Army with immunity.

The Djamila Boupacha Committee was a continuation of Beauvoir and Halimi's efforts and instrumental in drumming up public outrage.