Dennis Gabor

Dennis Gabor ( Gábor Dénes, ; 5 June 1900 – 9 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1900, his family converted to Lutheranism.

Dennis was the first-born son of Günszberg Bernát and Jakobovits Adél.

Despite having a religious background, religion played a minor role in his later life and he considered himself agnostic.

In 1902, the family received permission to change their surname from Günszberg to Gábor.

He served with the Hungarian artillery in northern Italy during World War I.

He began his studies in engineering at the Technical University of Budapest in 1918, later in Germany, at the Charlottenburg Technical University in Berlin, now known as the Technical University of Berlin.

At the start of his career, he analysed the properties of high voltage electric transmission lines by using cathode-beam oscillographs, which led to his interest in electron optics.

Studying the fundamental processes of the oscillograph, Gabor was led to other electron-beam devices such as electron microscopes and TV tubes.

He eventually wrote his PhD thesis on Recording of Transients in Electric Circuits with the Cathode Ray Oscillograph in 1927, and worked on plasma lamps.

In 1933 Gabor fled from Nazi Germany, where he was considered Jewish, and was invited to Britain to work at the development department of the British Thomson-Houston company in Rugby, Warwickshire.

He obtained British citizenship in 1934, and spent most of his life in England.

Gabor was born as Günszberg Dénes, into a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary.

During his time in Rugby, he met Marjorie Louise Butler, and they married in 1936.

He became a British citizen in 1946, and it was while working at British Thomson-Houston in 1947 that he invented holography, based on an electron microscope, and thus electrons instead of visible light.

He experimented with a heavily filtered mercury arc light source.

Gabor published his theories of holography in a series of papers between 1946 and 1951.

Gabor also researched how human beings communicate and hear; the result of his investigations was the theory of granular synthesis, although Greek composer Iannis Xenakis claimed that he was actually the first inventor of this synthesis technique.

Gabor's work in this and related areas was foundational in the development of time–frequency analysis.

In 1948 Gabor moved from Rugby to Imperial College London, and in 1958 became professor of Applied Physics until his retirement in 1967.

As part of his many developments related to CRTs, in 1958 Gabor patented a new flat screen television concept.

This used an electron gun aimed perpendicular to the screen, rather than straight at it.

The beam was then directed forward to the screen using a series of fine metal wires on either side of the beam path.

The concept was significantly similar to the Aiken tube, introduced in the US the same year.

This led to a many-years patent battle which resulted in Aiken keeping the US rights and Gabor the UK.

His inaugural lecture on 3 March 1959, 'Electronic Inventions and their Impact on Civilisation' provided inspiration for Norbert Wiener's treatment of self-reproducing machines in the penultimate chapter in the 1961 edition of his book Cybernetics.

In 1963 Gabor published Inventing the Future which discussed the three major threats Gabor saw to modern society: war, overpopulation and the Age of Leisure.

The book contained the now well-known expression that "the future cannot be predicted, but futures can be invented."

Reviewer Nigel Calder described his concept as, "His basic approach is that we cannot predict the future, but we can invent it..."

Others such as Alan Kay, Peter Drucker, and Forrest Shaklee have used various forms of similar quotes.

The earliest visual hologram was only realised in 1964 following the 1960 invention of the laser, the first coherent light source.

After this, holography became commercially available.

Gabor's research focused on electron inputs and outputs, which led him to the invention of holography.

The basic idea was that for perfect optical imaging, the total of all the information has to be used; not only the amplitude, as in usual optical imaging, but also the phase.

In this manner a complete holo-spatial picture can be obtained.

Gabor's version was later picked up by Clive Sinclair in the 1970s, and became a decades-long quest to introduce the concept commercially.

Its difficult manufacturing, due to the many wires within the vacuum tube, meant this was never successful.

While looking for a company willing to try to manufacture it, Sinclair began negotiations with Timex, who instead took over production of the ZX81.

His next book, Innovations: scientific, technological, and social which was published in 1970, expanded on some of the topics he had already earlier touched upon, and also pointed to his interest in technological innovation as mechanism of both liberation and destruction.

In 1971 he was the single recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics with the motivation "for his invention and development of the holographic method" and presented the history of the development of holography from 1948 in his Nobel lecture.