Death of Elaine Herzberg

A reporter for The Washington Post compared Herzberg's fate with that of Bridget Driscoll who, in the United Kingdom in 1896, was the first pedestrian to be killed by an automobile.

The Arizona incident has magnified the importance of collision avoidance systems for self-driving vehicles.

Herzberg was crossing Mill Avenue (North) from west to east, approximately 360 ft south of the intersection with Curry Road, outside the designated pedestrian crosswalk, close to the Red Mountain Freeway.

She was pushing a bicycle laden with shopping bags, and had crossed at least two lanes of traffic when she was struck at approximately 9:58 pm MST (UTC−07:00) by a prototype Uber self-driving car based on a Volvo XC90, which was traveling north on Mill.

The vehicle had been operating in autonomous mode since 9:39 pm, nineteen minutes before it struck and killed Herzberg.

The car's human safety backup driver, Rafaela Vasquez, did not intervene in time to prevent the collision.

Vehicle telemetry obtained after the crash showed that the human operator responded by moving the steering wheel less than a second before impact, and she engaged the brakes less than a second after impact.

The county district attorney's office recused itself from the investigation, due to a prior joint partnership with Uber promoting their services as an alternative to driving under the influence of alcohol.

Accounts of the crash have been conflicting in terms of the speed limit at the place of the incident.

According to Tempe police the car was traveling in a 35 mph zone, but this is contradicted by a posted speed limit of 45 mph.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) sent a team of federal investigators to gather data from vehicle instruments, and to examine vehicle condition along with the actions taken by the safety driver.

Their preliminary findings were substantiated by multiple event data recorders and proved the vehicle was traveling 43 mph when Herzberg was first detected 6 seconds (378 ft) before impact; during 4.7 seconds the self driving system did not infer that emergency braking was needed.

A vehicle traveling 43 mph can generally stop within 89 ft once the brakes are applied.

The machine needed to be 1.3 seconds (82 ft) away prior to discerning that emergency braking was required, whereas at least that much distance was required to stop.

The system failed to behave properly.

A total stopping distance of 76 feet itself would imply a safe speed under 25 mph. Human intervention was still legally required.

Computer perception–reaction time would have been a speed limiting factor had the technology been superior to humans in ambiguous situations; however, the nascent computerized braking technology was disabled the day of the crash, and the machine's apparent 4.7-second perception–reaction (alarm) time allowed the car to travel 250 ft. Video released by the police on March 21 showed the safety driver was not watching the road moments before the vehicle struck Herzberg.

In widely-disseminated remarks that would shape the narrative about the crash, were later seen as prejudicial, she later regretted, and were subsequently contradicted by her own department, Tempe Police Chief Sylvia Moir was quoted stating the collision was "unavoidable" based on the initial police investigation, which included a review of the video captured by an onboard camera.

Moir faulted Herzberg for crossing the road in an unsafe manner: "It is dangerous to cross roadways in the evening hour when well-illuminated, managed crosswalks are available."

According to Uber, safety drivers were trained to keep their hands very close to the wheel all the time while driving the vehicle so they were ready to quickly take control if necessary.

"The driver said it was like a flash, the person walked out in front of them. His [sic] first alert to the collision was the sound of the collision. [...] it's very clear it would have been difficult to avoid this collision in any kind of mode (autonomous or human-driven) based on how she came from the shadows right into the roadway."

The death of Elaine Herzberg (August 2, 1968 – March 18, 2018) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian fatality involving a self-driving car, after a collision that occurred late in the evening of March 18, 2018.

Herzberg was pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona, United States, when she was struck by an Uber test vehicle, which was operating in self-drive mode with a human safety backup driver sitting in the driving seat.

Herzberg was taken to the local hospital where she died of her injuries.

Following the fatal incident, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued a series of recommendations and sharply criticized Uber.

When the second of the Mill Avenue bridges over the town lake was added in 1994 for northbound traffic, the X-shaped crossover in the median was installed to accommodate the potential closing of one of the two road bridges.

The company suspended testing of self-driving vehicles in Arizona, where such testing had been sanctioned since August 2016.

Uber chose not to renew its permit for testing self-driving vehicles in California when it expired at the end of March 2018.

Uber resumed testing in December 2018.

Tempe police released video on March 21, 2018, showing footage recorded by two onboard cameras: one forward-looking, and one capturing the safety driver's actions.

The forward-facing video shows that the self-driving car was traveling in the far right lane when it struck Herzberg.

The driver-facing video shows the safety driver was looking down prior to the collision.

The Uber operator is responsible for intervening and taking manual control when necessary as well as for monitoring diagnostic messages, which are displayed on a screen in the center console.

In an interview conducted after the crash with NTSB, the driver stated she was monitoring the center stack at the time of the collision.

After the Uber video was released, journalist Carolyn Said noted the police explanation of Herzberg's path meant she had already crossed two lanes of traffic before she was struck by the autonomous vehicle.

The Marquee Theatre and Tempe Town Lake are west of Mill Avenue, and pedestrians commonly cross mid-street without detouring north to the crosswalk at Curry.

According to reporting by the Phoenix New Times, Mill Avenue contains what appears to be a brick-paved path in the median between the northbound and southbound lanes; however, posted signs prohibit pedestrians from crossing in that location.

On March 2019, Arizona prosecutors ruled that Uber was not criminally responsible for the crash.

The back-up driver of the vehicle was charged with negligent homicide.

While Herzberg was the first pedestrian killed by a self-driving car, a driver had been killed by a semi-autonomous car almost two years earlier.