Daniel O. Graham

Daniel Orrin Graham (April 13, 1925 – December 31, 1995) was a United States Army officer who ultimately rose to the rank of lieutenant general.

Graham served in Germany, Korea, and Vietnam and received several decorations including some of the highest the United States military bestows: the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, and the Distinguished Intelligence Medal during his distinguished 30-year military career.

Graham was born in Portland, Oregon and grew up in Medford.

He attended college at the United States Military Academy at West Point and earned a B.S. degree in 1946.

He also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1959 and the Army War College in 1967.

From 1963 to 1966, Graham worked for the CIA in the Office of National Estimates.

During the Vietnam war from 1967 to 1968 he was chief of the army's military intelligence estimates.

Several high ranking intelligence officers in MACV and in the CIA came to the conclusion in 1967 that the Vietcong and PAVN army

were far larger than what was publicly admitted to by the Johnson administration and General Westmoreland.

Graham served again in the Office of National Estimates during 1968–1971, then served as director of collections for the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1971.

During 1973–1974 Graham served as deputy director of the CIA under Director William Colby and from 1974 to 1976 he was the director of the DIA.

Ronald Reagan called upon General Graham to be his military advisor for his 1976 and 1980 campaigns.

General Graham is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

In later years, Graham devoted a lot of time to the research and development of Single-Stage To Orbit (SSTO) spacecraft in conjunction with NASA.

Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel The Cat Who Walks Through Walls to Graham and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.

According to the account of several eyewitnesses in the CBS Report "Uncounted Enemy",

Graham deliberately manipulated enemy strength estimate figures in order to please his superiors.

McDonnell Douglas was awarded a contract to build an SSTO test vehicle on August 16, 1991, and named it the DC-X for Delta Clipper Experimental.

The first test launch of the DC-X was on August 18, 1993.

The test flight verified flight control systems and vertical landing capabilities and was deemed a success after reaching a 46 m altitude in a 59-second flight.

The second flight on September 11, 1993, tested ascent and landing mode control and ground effects survey, reaching 92 m in a 66-second flight.

The third test flight on September 30, 1993, demonstrated 180 degree roll and provided aerostability data while reaching 370 m during 57 second flight.

Unfortunately, this marked the last test of first series as the vehicle was mothballed when SDIO funding ran out.

On June 20, 1994, the DC-X rose once again for the first flight of second series after additional SDIO funding was received.

Operating with a full propellent load, the flight tested the radar altimeter in control loop and reached an altitude of 870 m during a 136-second flight.

Demonstrating an unplanned event on June 27, 1994, the DC-X became the first unmanned vehicle to save itself when an in-flight abort occurred after a gaseous hydrogen explosion.

The vehicle demonstrated its autoland capabilities after reaching an altitude of 790 meters during a 78-second flight.

After repairs were made, the DC-X continued expansion of the flight envelope on May 16, 1995, demonstrating constant angle of attack after reaching an altitude of 1330 m during a 124-second flight.

Graham was elated and continued to work closely with the program.

Graham would not live to see the full glory of the DC-X program.

He died in December 1995.

On Friday, June 7, 1996, at White Sands, New Mexico, the second series vehicle designated DC-XA was successfully launched.

It flew to a height of 485 m and then moved horizontally 105 m before safely landing.

After that flight, NASA officials announced that the DC-XA had been renamed the "Clipper Graham."

The next day, June 8, 1996, to demonstrate the quick-turnaround capability of the rocket, the Clipper Graham soared into the skies over the old White Sands Missile Range to a height of 3,120 m and stayed in the air for over two minutes before landing.

That flight was the highest and longest the vehicle had ever flown until then.

The name honored the firm's successful Thor/Delta rocket and recalled the famous 19th-century commercial clipper ships.

The McDonnell Douglas SSTO team saw the Delta Clipper as opening the "space trade routes in the same way that the Yankee Clipper ships opened the sea trade routes."

The needs of the commercial launch industry thus were integral to the thinking of the McDonnell Douglas DC-X team.

General Graham envisioned the DC-X as the perfect inexpensive launch and delivery vehicle for his proposed Brilliant Pebbles space-based ballistic missile defense shield.