Cathleen Synge Morawetz

Cathleen Synge Morawetz (May 5, 1923 – August 8, 2017) was a Canadian mathematician who spent much of her career in the United States.

Morawetz's research was mainly in the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow, particularly those of mixed type occurring in transonic flow.

A 1945 graduate of the University of Toronto, she married Herbert Morawetz, a chemist, on October 28, 1945.

She received her master's degree in 1946 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Morawetz got a job at New York University where she edited Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves by Richard Courant and Kurt Otto Friedrichs.

She earned her Ph.D. in 1951 at New York University, with a thesis on the stability of a spherical implosion, under the supervision of Kurt Otto Friedrichs.

Her thesis was entitled Contracting Spherical Shocks Treated by a Perturbation Method

After earning her doctorate, she spent a year as a research associate at MIT before returning to work as a research associate at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, for five more years.

During this time she had no teaching requirements and could focus purely on research.

She published work on a variety of topics in applied mathematics including viscosity, compressible fluids and transonic flows.

Even if an aircraft remains subsonic, the air flowing around the wing can reach supersonic velocity.

The mix of air at supersonic and subsonic velocity creates shock waves that can slow the airplane.

Turning to the mathematics of transonic flow, she showed that specially designed shockless airfoils could not, in fact, prevent shocks.

Shocks developed in response to even small perturbations, such as a gust of wind or an imperfection in a wing.

This discovery opened up the problem of developing a theory for a flow with shocks.

Subsequently, the shocks she predicted mathematically now have been observed in experiments as air flows around the wing of a plane.

In 1957 she became an assistant professor at Courant.

At this point she began to work more closely with her colleagues publishing important joint papers with Peter Lax and Ralph Phillips on the decay of solutions to the wave equation around a star shaped obstacle.

Her first doctoral student, Lesley Sibner, was graduated in 1964.

She continued with important solo work on the wave equation and transonic flow around a profile until she was promoted to full professor by 1965.

At this point her research expanded to a variety of problems including papers on the Tricomi equation the nonrelativistic wave equation including questions of decay and scattering.

In the 1970s she worked on questions of scattering theory and the nonlinear wave equation.

She proved what is now known as the Morawetz Inequality.

In 1980, Morawetz won a Lester R. Ford Award.

She received honorary degrees from Eastern Michigan University in 1980, Brown University, and Smith College in 1982, and Princeton in 1990.

In 1981, she became the first woman to deliver the Gibbs Lecture of The American Mathematical Society, and in 1982 presented an Invited Address at a meeting of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

In 1983 and in 1988, she was selected as a Noether Lecturer.

She was professor emerita at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at the New York University, where she had also served as director from 1984 to 1988.

She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.

She was named Outstanding Woman Scientist for 1993 by the Association for Women in Science.

She was president of the American Mathematical Society from 1995 to 1996.

In 1995, she became the second woman elected to the office of president of the American Mathematical Society.

She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1998.

Morawetz's father, John Lighton Synge, nephew of John Millington Synge, was an Irish mathematician, specializing in the geometry of general relativity.

Her mother also studied mathematics for a time.

Her uncle was Edward Hutchinson Synge who is credited as the inventor of the Near-field scanning optical microscope and very large astronomical telescopes, based on multiple mirrors.

Her childhood was split between Ireland and Canada.

Both her parents were supportive of her interest in mathematics and science, and it was a woman mathematician, Cecilia Krieger, who had been a family friend for many years who later encouraged Morawetz to pursue a Ph.D. in mathematics.

Morawetz said her father was influential in stimulating her interest in mathematics, but he wondered whether her studying mathematics would be wise (suggesting they might fight like the Bernoulli brothers).

She died on August 8, 2017, in New York City.