Calel Perechodnik

Calel (Calek) Perechodnik (8 September 1916 – October 1944) was a diarist who joined the Jewish Ghetto Police in the Otwock Ghetto during the Nazi German occupation of Poland.

A secular Jew, Perechodnik was born in 1916 to an Orthodox Jewish family in Otwock, south east of Warsaw.

He earned a degree in agronomy at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences and a master's degree at a university in Toulouse, France.

Perechodnik's wife Anka (Chana) née Nusfeld was also from Otwock; she ran a cinema named Oasis with her two brothers.

His memoir describes such events as his and his father's compliance with the Polish radio broadcast command to go eastward to fight in 1939, the formation of the Judenrat in Otwock, Himmler's visit to Warsaw, the death of Czerniakow, the rounding up of Jews in the ghettos; life in, and escape from, a work camp; the experience of being hidden in Warsaw, the beginning of understanding of what was happening in the death camps, the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the 1944 Warsaw Uprising.

Calek and Anka's only daughter Alinka (Athalie), was born on 19 August 1940, a year after the German invasion of Poland.

In 1940, Perechodnik and his family, along with the other Jews of Otwock, were forced to by the Germans occupying Poland to relocate to the Otwock Ghetto.

To provide for himself, his wife, and their daughter (born in the ghetto), in February 1941 Perechodnik joined the Jewish Ghetto Police organized by the Judenrat on German orders.

In early 1942, the German authorities began the ghetto liquidation action.

The Jewish police were ordered to assist in the rounding up of Jews who were taken to the station and loaded onto freight trains heading for the Treblinka extermination camp.

Assured by the commandant of the Ghetto Police that his family would be protected, on 19 August 1942, Perechodnik brought his own wife and daughter to the ghetto's main square.

But he was betrayed: Anka and Alinka were among the 8,000 Otwock Jews murdered at Treblinka.

Subsequently, he was sent to a labour camp.

Perechodnik constantly blamed himself for the death of his wife and daughter.

Prior to their deportation to Treblinka, Anka asked Calek on several occasions to obtain a false kennkarte for her, identifying her as an ethnic Pole since she did not have the typical Jewish looks.

Calel later wrote that she could easily pass for a Pole if she dyed her hair.

Perechodnik failed to obtain the kennkarte for his wife in time, partly due to his laziness and partly due to his "lack of trust in such things".

On 20 August 1942, Calel Perechodnik escaped to Warsaw.

His father, Aryan in appearance, remained at large to support the family until he was captured by the Gestapo and executed.

Calel spent 105 days in hiding with his mother and other Jews in the apartment of a Polish woman risking her own life to save them.

While in hiding, he spent the time writing.

The last entry in his memoir concerns his last will and is dated 23 October 1943.

He then joined the Polish Underground; it was during this time that he contracted typhus.

Perechodnik wrote his memoir between 7 May and 19 August 1943 in Warsaw, during his stay at the home of his Polish rescuer.

When describing the German occupation of Poland he attempts to explain his own actions which were inspired by fear, but also, blames the Jews for claiming to have been a chosen people, thus encouraging anti-Semitism among the gentile population.

He expresses his outrage at the refusal by some Orthodox Jews to send their children to Polish orphanages which would have saved them from the Holocaust.

Perechodnik expressed his anguish and astonishment at the savagery of war.

It was, he wrote, "the greatest disillusionment that I have endured in my life."

The Jewish Ghetto Police which he joined, was not a benevolent force by any means.

Emanuel Ringelblum referred to it as 'the direct instrument of extermination'.

One of the first clandestine operations of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) in Warsaw, was to assassinate its commanders.

Perechodnik's account therefore, needs to be seen in its proper perspective.

On 1 August 1944, the Warsaw Uprising began as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest.

Perechodnik participated in the uprising as part of the Chrobry II Battalion.

There are several theories as to how he died.

One states that he committed suicide by swallowing cyanide after the Uprising failed.

Other claims that he was killed by pillagers after the uprising.

Another account (stated in the letter of Henryk Romanowski to his brother Pesach Perechodnik, following the memoirs in the book) claims he was burned alive in the bunker, unable to get out because of the typhus.

He was aged 27.

His wartime diaries were published posthumously as Am I a Murderer? (Czy ja jestem mordercą?) in 1995 by the Karta Centre of Warsaw.