Bruce D. Walker

Bruce D. Walker (born 1952) is an American physician and scientist whose infectious disease research has produced many findings regarding HIV/AIDS.

Before effective antiretroviral therapy was available, Walker met a patient with hemophilia who had been infected with HIV through a blood product in 1978 but never developed AIDS.

At first, Walker did not believe the patient had HIV because he had remained healthy despite being infected for 17 years, as confirmed by the patient's years of stored blood samples.

This experience initiated a career of learning from patients, inspiring subsequent research into "elite controllers," the less than 1 percent of people living with HIV who remain healthy, without medication, decades after infection.

Studying these individuals has been a major focus of Walker's research efforts, leading to the discovery of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells.

In South Africa, Walker has worked with Drs.

Krista Dong, Thumbi Ndung'u, and collaborators to focus on hyperacute HIV infection.

They perform their work through a cohort called FRESH, meaning, "Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health."

FRESH is a program that combines HIV prevention, a pathway out of poverty for young women at high risk, and a study of hyperacute HIV infection.

One goal of the program is to ward off HIV infections through a prevention curriculum that includes life skills training, empowerment skills, computer education, HIV prevention education, PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), and job readiness training.

Organizers aspire to help participants find employment after nine months in the program.

The second goal is to identify persons in the window period before peak viremia and seroconversion (defined by Fiebig Stages I-VI), to determine how the battle between host and virus begins.

Through this study, Walker and colleagues have determined that the higher initial magnitude of the HIV-specific T cell response, the lower the viral set point in untreated infection.

They also found that immediate treatment leads to more functional immune responses.

He became interested in studying HIV/AIDS after practicing on the front lines of the epidemic in the early 1980s, prior to the identification of HIV as the etiologic agent and prior to the availability of viable treatment options.

An infectious disease specialist and researcher, Walker is the founding director of the Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard.

He is also an investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, an adjunct professor at Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, and a founding co-director of the Africa Health Research Institute, formerly known as KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH).

He played an active role in COVID-19 research, helping found and co-lead the Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR) and advance vaccine development with the Ragon Institute.

He completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Mass General Hospital and Harvard Medical School from 1980 to 1983, followed by an internship pathology and fellowship training in infectious disease.

He is board certified in both internal medicine and infectious disease.

In 1980, as an intern at Mass General Hospital working on the front lines of the still-unidentified HIV/AIDS epidemic, Walker encountered a young man who was admitted to the hospital with multiple simultaneous infections and cancers.

This proved to be a sentinel case of a new disease called AIDS, the cause of which was unknown and for which no specific treatment was available.

By the time HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, Walker and his colleagues had seen many patients with advanced HIV/AIDS, for which few treatment options existed.

He has described these experiences as "excruciating" and "heartbreaking."

They led Walker to specialize in infectious disease and begin researching HIV in the laboratory, to understand how the body fought back and why it often lost the battle.

Walker has made significant contributions to the research of HIV immune control and immune evasion in HIV infection.

In 1987, Walker became among the first researchers, together with his mentors Robert Schooley and Martin Hirsch, to describe HIV-specific CD8+ T cells.

Studying persons with HIV infection with grant support from the American Cancer Society, Walker identified extremely robust responses in persons with advanced disease, using recombinant vaccinia viruses to express HIV proteins.

In 1998, Walker began research in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa.

The initial plan had been to find collaborators in South Africa, hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic, to study immune responses in babies born with HIV infection, who typically have very rapid disease progression.

The stated goal was to bring samples back to the US, but the African collaborators, led by the late Hoosen (Jerry) Coovadia, asked Walker and colleagues to consider doing the studies in Durban and teach them to conduct fundamental research.

This prompted the establishment of a small laboratory at the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN) in Durban.

Recognizing the wealth of knowledge that could be gained by conducting research at the heart of the TB and HIV epidemics, as well as the need for capacity building for fundamental and translational research, Walker, Coovadia, Salim Abdool Karim, and Philip Goulder initiated a plan to build a research laboratory at the University, which had not had a new building built in over 50 years.

In 2003, the Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (DDMRI) opened at the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine.

The institute was largely funded through a Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Walker had received at MGH.

Walker was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2004.

He was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2009.

After graduating from high school, Walker worked as a roofer.

He had grown up assuming he would eventually become a scientist and subsequently obtained a bachelor's of science degree in chemistry from the University of Colorado, Boulder.

He went on to receive a medical degree from Case Western Reserve University, where he was drawn to clinical medicine.