Ben Greene

Ben Greene (28 December 1901 – October 1978) was a British Labour Party politician and pacifist.

He was interned during the Second World War because of his fascist associations and appealed to the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords against his detention.

In the leading case of Liversidge v. Anderson the Law Lords declined to interfere with ministerial discretion on matters of national security and thus refused to review his detention.

Greene was born in Brazil to a mother who had been born a German national, but moved with his family to England as a child, in 1908.

He attended Berkhamsted School, where his uncle, Charles Greene, was headmaster and where his cousins, Graham Greene and Hugh Greene, were also pupils.

He went up to Wadham College, Oxford, but became committed to the causes of the Labour Party and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and left without graduating.

Until 1923 he worked with the Society of Friends, the Save the Children Fund and the American Relief Administration in humanitarian work in Eastern Europe.

Greene was motivated to get involved in politics almost solely by his belief in pacifism.

He returned to London and during the 1923 United Kingdom general election he worked for Clement Attlee in the Limehouse constituency, where he met John Beckett.

In 1924 Greene joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and soon became its liaison with Ramsay MacDonald.

He fought Basingstoke in the 1924 United Kingdom general election, but without success.

He often felt that Labour Party policies were at odds with his pacifism.

Greene got married in 1925 and became a businessman, in England and abroad, while serving on Berkhamsted Urban District Council and on Hertfordshire County Council, and becoming a Justice of the Peace (JP) in 1937.

He unsuccessfully contested Gravesend against Irving Albery in 1931 and 1935.

He also continued with human rights work in the Saar and Germany.

By 1938 he had become disillusioned with the Labour Party, perceiving it as being in the grip of Communists, and resigned from it.

Shocked by conditions in Germany, Greene formed the idea that Britain should co-operate with Nazi officials in order to facilitate the emigration of as many threatened Germans as possible.

However, he fell under the influence of an English-born Nazi diplomat, Ernst Wilhelm Bohle, who was all too ready to exploit his naivety.

Greene briefly joined the Peace Pledge Union, and started the Peace and Progress Information Service (PPIS) to publish information provided to him by Bohle.

Greene tried to connect with anyone who was opposed to war, including fascists, and even joined the British Peoples Party (BPP), becoming its treasurer.

In December 1939 Greene ghosted The Truth About the War for the BPP.

Attlee saw a copy, and was shocked by its "pro-Hitler" tone and its claims that the Poles had been the authors of their own misfortunes.

Greene was a frequent speaker at anti-war meetings, and spoke of the "danger of Jewish and American capitalists".

In early 1940 Lord Hampden, in his capacity as Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire, approached Maxwell Knight of MI5 and questioned Greene's suitability as a JP.

Knight felt that he had no evidence on which to seek the removal of Greene from the post.

At the same time Vernon Kell was calling for action against the BPP, in particular for Greene and Beckett's internment under Defence Regulation 18B.

The order to detain Greene because of his "hostile associations" was signed on 22 May 1940 and Greene was arrested on 24 May.

The "Reasons for Order" cited Greene's membership of the BPP and the British Council for Christian Settlement in Europe, the content of his speeches, his association with Beckett, and his communications with the German government.

It also alleged that he desired to establish a National Socialist regime with the assistance of the German Army and had harboured German agents.

The more specific "Statement of Case" revealed that these allegations had been made by Harold Kurtz.

Kurtz was an MI5 agent who posed as a National Socialist German agent recently released from internment in Britain.

Kurtz entrapped Greene with another MI5 agent, Gaertner, as witness, and alleged that Greene had helped him to avoid further internment and clandestinely communicate with Germany, and had told him ways of leaving the country undetected.

Kurtz also claimed that Greene had told him that there were "men in this country ready to take over the government after a German victory, men trained in and filled with the proper spirit of National Socialism—a British National Socialism".

Greene denied these allegations and claimed that he had reported Kurtz's suspicious behaviour to the police.

The police denied Greene's claim.

Greene challenged his detention at the Advisory Committee headed by A. T. Miller on 24 July.

Though the committee was anxious to hear from the MI5 agents who had provided statements, MI5 refused to allow them to attend and the committee accepted the statements as "substantially accurate".

Greene's detention was confirmed.

The Lord Chancellor's Department was advised and Greene was informed on 10 October of the intention to remove him as a JP, though he was offered the face-saving alternative of resignation.

Greene was removed as a JP on 8 November.