Bell hooks

Gloria Jean Watkins (September 25, 1952 – December 15, 2021), better known by her pen name bell Hooks, was an American author, theorist, educator, and social critic who was a Distinguished Professor in Residence at Berea College.

She was best known for her writings on race, feminism, and class.

The focus of Hooks' writing was to explore the intersectionality of race, capitalism, and gender, and what she described as their ability to produce and perpetuate systems of oppression and class domination.

She published around 40 books, including works that ranged from essays, poetry, and children's books.

She published numerous scholarly articles, appeared in documentary films, and participated in public lectures.

Her work addressed love, race, class, gender, art, history, sexuality, mass media, and feminism.

Gloria Jean Watkins was born on September 25, 1952, to a working-class African-American family, in Hopkinsville, a small, segregated town in Kentucky.

Watkins was one of six children born to Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) and Veodis Watkins.

Her father worked as a janitor and her mother worked as a maid in the homes of white families.

An avid reader (with poets William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Gwendolyn Brooks among her favorites), Watkins was educated in racially segregated public schools, later moving to an integrated school in the late 1960s.

This experience greatly influenced her perspective as an educator, and it inspired scholarship on education practices as seen in her book, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom.

During this time, Watkins was writing her book Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, which she began at the age of 19 ( 1971) and then published (as bell Hooks) in 1981.

She graduated from Hopkinsville High School before obtaining her BA in English from Stanford University in 1973, and her MA in English from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976.

She began her academic career in 1976 teaching English and ethnic studies at the University of Southern California.

She began her academic career in 1976 as an English professor and senior lecturer in ethnic studies at the University of Southern California.

During her three years there, Golemics, a Los Angeles publisher, released her first published work, a chapbook of poems titled And There We Wept (1978), written under the name "bell Hooks."

She had adopted her maternal great-grandmother's name as her pen name because, as she later put it, her great-grandmother "was known for her snappy and bold tongue, which [she] greatly admired."

She also said she put the name in lowercase letters to convey that what is most important to focus upon is her works, not her personal qualities: the "substance of books, not who [she is]."

On the unconventional lowercasing of her pen name, Hooks added that, "When the feminist movement was at its zenith in the late '60s and early '70s, there was a lot of moving away from the idea of the person. It was: Let's talk about the ideas behind the work, and the people matter less... It was kind of a gimmicky thing, but lots of feminist women were doing it."

In the early 1980s and 1990s, Hooks taught at several post-secondary institutions, including the University of California, Santa Cruz, San Francisco State University, Yale (1985 to 1988, as assistant professor of African and Afro-American studies and English), Oberlin College (1988 to 1994, as associate professor of American literature and women's studies), and, beginning in 1994, as distinguished professor of English at City College of New York.

South End Press published her first major work, Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism, in 1981, though she had written it years earlier while still an undergraduate.

In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, Hooks completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction."

Included among Hooks' influences is the American abolitionist and feminist Sojourner Truth.

Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" inspired Hooks' first major book.

Also, the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire is mentioned in Hooks' book Teaching to Transgress.

His perspectives on education are present in the first chapter, "engaged pedagogy."

Other influences include Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez, psychologist Erich Fromm, playwright Lorraine Hansberry, Buddhist monk Thích Nhất Hạnh, and African American writer James Baldwin.

In Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), Hooks develops a critique of white feminist racism in second-wave feminism, which she argued undermined the possibility of feminist solidarity across racial lines.

As Hooks argued, communication and literacy (the ability to read, write, and think critically) are necessary for the feminist movement because without them people may not grow to recognize gender inequalities in society.

In the decades since its publication, Ain't I a Woman? has been recognized for its contribution to feminist thought, with Publishers Weekly in 1992 naming it "One of the twenty most influential women's books in the last 20 years."

In her memoir Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins would write of her "struggle to create self and identity" while growing up in "a rich magical world of southern black culture that was sometimes paradisiacal and at other times terrifying."

Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies (1996) collects film essays, reviews, and interviews with film directors.

In The New Yorker, Hua Hsu said these interviews displayed the facet of Hooks' work that was "curious, empathetic, searching for comrades."

She later taught at several institutions including Stanford University, Yale University, New College of Florida, and The City College of New York, before joining Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, in 2004.

In 2014, Hooks also founded the bell Hooks Institute at Berea College.

Her pen name was borrowed from her maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks.

Writing in The New York Times in 2019, Min Jin Lee said that Ain't I a Woman "remains a radical and relevant work of political theory. She lays the groundwork of her feminist theory by giving historical evidence of the specific sexism that black female slaves endured and how that legacy affects black womanhood today."

Ain't I a Woman? examines themes including the historical impact of sexism and racism on black women, devaluation of black womanhood, media roles and portrayal, the education system, the idea of a white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy and the marginalization of black women.

At the same time, Hooks became significant as a leftist and postmodern political thinker and cultural critic.

She published more than 30 books, ranging in topics from black men, patriarchy, and masculinity to self-help; engaged pedagogy to personal memoirs; and sexuality (in regards to feminism and politics of aesthetics and visual culture).