Wang Guangmei

Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 – 13 October 2006) was a Chinese politician, philanthropist and the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic of China from 1959 to 1968.

Wang Guangmei was born in 1921, and grew up in a distinguished and prominent Chinese family.

Her father was a government minister and a diplomat; her mother was an educator.

She studied French, Russian and English, learning to speak all three, and earned a degree in physics from the Catholic University of Peking in Beijing.

She also studied at an American missionary university, and was described as a sophisticated woman.

She intended to go to the United States to continue her Ph.D. degree and obtain a full scholarship from the Department of Atomic Physics at Stanford University and the University of Chicago.

In the mid-1940s, Wang Guangmei traveled to the Communist Party headquarters in Yan'an and served as an interpreter during efforts by the American statesman George Marshall to negotiate a truce between the Nationalist government and the Communist rebels.

During this time she gained the admiration of many Americans, which would later play a role in charges that she was an American spy.

There, at the age of 24, she met Liu Shaoqi, who was nearly twice her age and had previously been married on five occasions.

In the Spring Festival of 1946, the Peking Underground Party of the Chinese Communist Party invited her to serve as an English translator for the CCP delegation of the Peking Military Mediation Office.

Since she was in contact with the Peking Underground Party of the Chinese Communist Party on the eve of victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, she became acquainted with the leaders of the Working Committee of Fu Jen Catholic University of the Chinese Communist Party.

For years she served as his secretary, and he was named a key deputy to Chairman Mao Zedong after the Communists took power in 1949.

In 1959, Liu was named Chinese President, making him the second-most powerful man in the country.

After Liu became president in 1959, Wang became a very visible diplomatic companion to him.

Wang Guangmei became once widely known in China as its beautiful, articulate, sophisticated first lady.

In the early 1960s, the couple traveled abroad on state visits to Afghanistan, Burma, Pakistan and Indonesia.

In 1963, she joined a work team investigating corruption in the countryside, a mounting problem after the Great Leap Forward, Mao's catastrophic development programme of 1958–61, which led to widespread famine.

In 1963, she secretly visited Funing County and summarized the Taoyuan Experience.

Liu and his wife became targets of the Cultural Revolution, instigated by Chairman Mao.

In mid-1966, when Red Guards erupted into prominence — and Liu and other leaders tried to fathom what Mao had in mind — Wang headed a work team to restore order among the students at Tsinghua University.

The effort backfired when she came under attack by a militant opponent who accused her of being a counterrevolutionary.

Her husband was also under fire by Mao and his deputies for being the leading "capitalist roader".

Wang was accused of being a "spy for the imperialist services" (a reference to American intelligence) and, according to Madame Mao, "Sukarno's whore" for wearing a pearl necklace and evening gown to meet the Indonesian president.

Wang Guangmei's public role had antagonized Mao's wife Jiang Qing, who was growing politically ambitious.

In April 1967, at Jiang's instigation, the Red Guards forced Wang to put on a tight-fitting qipao dress she had worn at a banquet in Indonesia, with silk stockings, high heels and a mocking necklace made out of ping-pong balls, as proof of her bourgeoise, counterrevolutionary attitude.

A transcript of the trial, conducted between 6:30 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. on April 10, 1967, can be found here, demonstrating the pre-ordained finding of guilt by the examining Interrogator.

Wang was put under house arrest, then imprisoned.

Her four children were also punished.

Imprisoned in Qincheng Prison during the cultural revolution, Wang was kept in ignorance of her family's fate.

After four years, her children plucked up the courage to ask Mao for permission to see their parents.

It was through Mao's terse consent, "their father is dead but they may see the mother", that Wang learned of her husband's death.

Soon, Liu's reputation was rehabilitated, and Wang received compensation for her suffering during the Cultural Revolution In March 1978, Wang was elected as a member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

In December of the same year, she was restored of her personal freedom and status.

Wang spent about 12 years in prison, and was released in 1979 — just before Mao's widow Jiang Qing and her Gang of Four, who were blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, were put on trial.

In 1979, she served as Director of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

In 1980, she appeared in court during the trial of the Gang of Four as a victim of Jiang Qing's persecution.

Later, Wang was elected a permanent member of the National People's Political Consultative Conference.

From 1984, she served as the chairwoman of the Beijing Alumni Association of Fu Jen Catholic University.

In 1989, Wang Guangmei suffered from breast cancer and went through two major operations before and after.

Later, due to tumor metastasis, she underwent major surgery again.