Wally Hickel

Walter Joseph Hickel (August 18, 1919 – May 7, 2010) was an American businessman, real estate developer, and politician who served as the second governor of Alaska from 1966 to 1969 and 1990 to 1994, as well as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1969 to 1970.

He worked as a construction worker and eventually became a construction company operator during Alaska's territorial days.

Following World War II, Hickel became heavily involved with real estate development, building residential subdivisions, shopping centers and hotels.

Hickel was born in 1919 in Ellinwood, Kansas, the son of Emma Pauline (Zecha) and Robert Anton Hickel.

He grew up on his parents' Dust Bowl tenant farm during the Great Depression near Claflin, Kansas.

In October 1940 he moved to Alaska and traveled to it aboard the S.S. Yukon with 95 other passengers and went into the local real estate industry.

Hickel joined Democrats in calling for Alaskan statehood during the late 1940s and into the 1950s.

Seven years later in 1947 he had founded a successful construction company.

Hickel entered politics in the 1950s during Alaska's battle for statehood and remained politically active for the rest of his life.

By the 1950s, he was the finance chairman of the Republican Party and, in 1952, received the backing of businessmen in Anchorage for the territorial governorship, but Benjamin Heintzleman was appointed instead.

In 1953, Hickel along with the national committeewoman for Alaska, the vice chairman for the territorial party and his wife went to the Republican Party's western conference in San Francisco and was later elected as head of the Anchorage Republican Club.

In December 1953, he and eighteen other prominent Republicans from Anchorage sent a letter to Governor Heintzleman requesting the resignation of Robert DeArmond and that he be replaced with somebody from Anchorage, and they later telegrammed Secretary of the Intertior Douglas McKay asking him to build up the party and also asked Heintzleman to reconsider his decision to cancel his meeting with them.

In 1958, the Alaska Statehood Act was signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Hickel served as the second governor of Alaska, defeating incumbent and first governor William A. Egan in 1966.

Hickel was elected as Alaska's second governor in the 1966 state general elections, defeating his Democratic rival and incumbent governor Bill Egan.

A group of Native Americans from Interior Alaska, including Morris Thompson and Don and Jules Wright, played major roles in his 1966 campaign and subsequent governorship.

Hickel's first governorship, the second in the young state's history as well as Alaska's first Republican governorship, oversaw the discovery of oilfields at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, a factor that would prove politically decisive in later years.

Hickel, a moderate Republican and environmentalist, did not push for heavy oil exploitation.

Nevertheless, during his first few months in office, his administration approved the sale of oil leases on 37,000 acres of the North Slope despite opposition from Alaskan Natives.

In November 1968, Hickel's department of transportation began construction on a 400-mile road from Livengood to Prudhoe Bay that would later be known as the Hickel Highway.

The same year, Hickel appointed Ted Stevens to the United States Senate to replace the recently deceased Bob Bartlett.

Like his predecessor Egan, Hickel sought to improve relations with Alaskan Natives in seeking resolutions on Native land claims.

Richard Nixon's election as U.S. President in late 1968 led to an offer to Hickel from the President-elect to serve in the United States Cabinet as Interior Secretary.

Initially, Hickel declined the cabinet offer.

Nixon replied that his decision was final.

Hickel would recall years later that he cried afterward and announced that he would be resigning from the governorship to go to Washington.

Hickel's nomination was met with what he later wrote was a newspaper "smear" campaign of false and "crazy accusations" that he had a corrupt and anti-environmentalist record as governor.

Opposition to his nomination was led by influential columnists Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson.

Newspapers opposing his nomination included the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times.

In the Senate, his confirmation was opposed by, among others, Democratic senators Walter Mondale and George McGovern.

Sierra Club director David Brower testified in opposition to Hickel.

He served as governor until 1969, ending with his resignation upon his appointment to the position of United States Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of President Richard Nixon.

The Senate nevertheless confirmed his nomination on 23 January 1969.

Upon becoming the federal Secretary of the Interior, Hickel proved to be a strong environmentalist, supporting strong legislation that put liabilities on oil companies operating offshore oil rigs as well as demanding environmental safeguards on Alaska's growing oil industry.

Hickel's centrist voice inside the Nixon Administration eventually led to confrontations with the President.

In 1970 following the shooting of college students at Kent State University by the Ohio National Guard, Hickel wrote a letter critical of Nixon's Vietnam War policy and urging him to give more respect to the views of young people critical of the war, writing in part, "I believe this administration finds itself today embracing a philosophy which appears to lack appropriate concern for the attitude of a great mass of Americans – our young people."

That dissent garnered worldwide media attention, and on November 25, 1970, Hickel was fired over the letter.

Days before he lost the office, Hickel had told CBS' 60 Minutes that he would not quit under pressure and that he would go away only "with an arrow in my heart, not a bullet in my back."

Hickel's undersecretaries, such as Leslie Glasgow, who was in charge of Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, were also dismissed.

Hickel later served a full term as governor from 1990 to 1994 under the banner of the Alaskan Independence Party.